TABLE 1.

PD-associated genes and their influences on each ETC complex.

Gene	Mechanism	Complex I	Complex II	Complex III	Complex IV	Complex V	References
PRKN and PINK1	Protein turnover	+	+	+	+	+	Vincow et al., 2013
	Translation derepression	+		+		+	Gehrke et al., 2015
PINK1	Phosphorylation	+					Morais et al., 2014
PARK7	Chaperone	+			+	+	Hayashi et al., 2009; Heo et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2019
PLA2G6	Ceramide metabolism	+	+				Kinghorn et al., 2015
GBA	Unknown, probably regulating mitophagy, GlcCer metabolism, and NAD + production	+	+	+			Osellame et al., 2013; Schöndorf et al., 2018
LRRK2	Unknown, probably regulating mitophagy	+	+		+		Mortiboys et al., 2010
SNCA	Mutant monomers or oligomers	+				+	Chinta et al., 2010; Reeve et al., 2015; Ludtmann et al., 2018
	Fibril-induced Lewy body formation	+	+			+	Mahul-Mellier et al., 2020
CHCHD2	Chaperone				+		Aras et al., 2015; Meng et al., 2017
	Transcription factor				+		Aras et al., 2015
UQCRC1	cIII core subunits			+			Unni et al., 2019; Lin et al., 2020

“ + ” indicates evidence of direct or indirect interactions but the exact involved subunits are still unclear.