Fig. 3. Antioxidant activity of PGE: (A) scavenging effect of PGE on DPPH free radical. (B) ABTS free-radical scavenging activity of PGE. PGE, platycodin D, and ascorbic acid (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg mL⁻¹) were separately incubated with DPPH and ABTS solutions. The results are expressed as a percentage of the controls, and the data represent average of the three independent trials. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (Turkey's post hoc). There was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. There was a significant difference between the administration group and the platycodin D group: ^#1p < 0.05, ^##1p < 0.001. There was a significant difference between the administration group and the ascorbic acid group: ^#2p < 0.05, ^##2p < 0.001. The error line represents the SD.