Fig. 4. Anti-inflammatory effects of PGE on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage inflammatory response. The RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with different PGE concentrations and 100 μg mL⁻¹ LPS. After 24 h, the cells and the culture medium were treated to determine the levels of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. The data represent the average of the three independent experiments. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. There was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. The error line represents the SD.