Table 2.
Summarized diagnoses for CEUS LI-RADS category M observations
| Study | Total No. of LR-M observations | No. of HCCs (%) | No. of non-HCC malignancies (%) | Non-HCC malignancy diagnoses (n) | No. of benign lesions (%) | Benign diagnoses (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schellhaas et al. [11] | 6 | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | iCCA (3) | 0 | - |
| Terzi et al. [12] | 82 | 39 (48) | 43 (52) | iCCA (31), cHCC-CCA (8), metastasis (2), lymphoma (2) | 0 | - |
| Ling et al. [13] | 9 | 7 (78) | 1 (11) | iCCA (1) | 1 (11) | Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (1) |
| Chen et al. [14] | 138 | 38 (28) | 100 (72) | iCCA (100) | 0 | - |
| Li et al. [15] | 288 | 172 (60) | 95 (33) | Not specified | 21 (7) | Not specified |
| Lyshchik et al. [21] | 11 | 5 (45) | 6 (55) | iCCA (2), metastasis (4) | 0 | - |
| Zheng et al. [16] | 354 | 224 (63) | 127 (36) | iCCA (54), cHCC-CCA (20), metastasis (50), others (3) | 3 (1) | Biliary adenoma (1), inflammatory pseudotumor (1), liver abscess (1) |
| Huang et al. [17] | 20 | 15 (75) | 2 (10) | iCCA (2) | 3 (15) | Biliary adenoma (1), hemangioma (1), reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (1) |
| Tan et al. [18] | 1 | 1 (100) | 0 | - | 0 | - |
| Makoyeva et al. [19] | 26 | 9 (34) | 16 (62) | iCCA (8), metastasis (6), lymphoma (1), perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (1) | 1 (4) | Regenerative nodule (1) |
| Zhou et al. [20] | 43 | 25 (58) | 17 (40) | Not specified | 1 (2) | Not specified |
| Ding et al. [22] | 68 | 41 (60) | 22 (32) | Not specified | 5 (8) | Not specified |
CEUS, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; LI-RADS, Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System; LR-M, Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System category M; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; iCCA, intrahepatic cholangiocarcionoma; cHCC-CCA, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma.