FIGURE 5.

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway. JAK/STAT signaling starts with the interaction of cytokines or growth factors with their receptors, inducing the dimerization/oligomerization of these receptors and consequent activation. Activated JAKs autophosphorylate and phosphorylate their associated receptors. Therefore, cytoplasmic STATs bind to phosphorylated receptors and undergo homodimerization or heterodimerization after their phosphorylation, and they are able to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes. Abbreviations: JAK, Janus kinase; MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase 2; MYC, MYC proto‐oncogene, bHLH transcription factor; SOCS, suppressors of cytokine signaling; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor