TABLE 3.
Other molecules/therapies that target CRC‐SCs
| Drug/Therapy | Pharmacological/Chemical class | Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5‐aminosalicylic acid | Anti‐inflammatory modulator drug | Suppress stemness features in many CRC cell lines | [256] |
| Antibody dual‐antigen‐binding specificity to CD133 and CD3 | Antibody | Reduces CD133+ CRC cells in vitro and in vivo | [257] |
| ASR352 | Chk1 inhibitor | Inhibits CRC‐SCs in preclinical models | [258] |
| CD133‐directed CAR T cells | CAR‐T cells | Eliminates CD133+ cells and reduced tumor growth in a phase I clinical trial with patients with advanced metastasis colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancers | [259] |
| CD133‐targeted oncolytic adenovirus | Oncolytic adenovirus | Eliminates CD133+ CRC in vitro and in vivo | [260] |
| Dabrafenib | BRAF inhibitor | Synergies with cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor) to decrease stem cell in BRAF(V600E)‐mutant CRC cells | [261] |
| Ellagic acid | Ellagitannin metabolites | Mixed with urolithins (gut microbiota‐derived) reduces CRC‐SCs of Caco‐2 cells and primary tumor cells from a patient with CRC | [262] |
| G2.2 | Sulfated nonsaccharide glycosaminoglycan mimetic | Reduces CRC‐SCs in cell lines via p38 MAPK activation | [263] |
| Gambogic acid | Xanthonoid from Garcinia hanburyi | Inhibits CRC‐SCs by upregulation of ZFP36 | [264, 265] |
| Ginsenoside | Major active component of ginseng | Reduced growth and stemness of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo | [266] |
| Heparan sulfate hexasaccharide | Non‐anticoagulant heparin derivative | Inhibits CRC‐SCs by activation of p38 MAPK | [267] |
| Mithramycin A | Polyketide antibiotic | Reduces CRC‐SCs in different cell lines | [268] |
| Nigericin | Antibiotic from Streptomyces hygroscopicus | Reduces CRC‐SCs in HT‐29 and SW116 cell lines | [269] |
| NSC30049 | Chk1 inhibitor | Inhibits CRC‐SCs in preclinical models | [270] |
| Parthenolide | Sesquiterpene lacton from Tanacetum parthenium | Eliminates CRC‐SCs in preclinical models | [271] |
| Polydatin | Glycoside of resveratrol found in Polygonum cuspidatum | Combination with radiation caused apoptosis of LGR5+ CRC cells | [272] |
| Silibinin | Flavonolignan from Silybum marianum | Inhibits the growth kinetics of CRC‐SCs in different cell lines | [273] |
| Thiostrepton | Thiazole antibiotic from Streptomycetes sp. | Induces cell death in CRC‐SCs in HCT‐15 and HT‐29 and synergizes with oxaliplatin | [274] |
| UCN‐01 | Staurosporin derivative | Inhibits CRC‐SCs growth and increases irinotecan action in vitro and in vivo | [275] |
Abbreviations: CRC‐SCs, colorectal cancer stem cells; BRAF, B‐Raf proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase; CAR‐T, chimeric antigen receptor T cells; Chk1, checkpoint kinase 1; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; LGR5, leucine‐rich repeat‐containing G‐protein‐coupled receptor 5; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinases; ZFP36, ZFP36 ring finger protein.