FIGURE 3.

Advance in technology and current limitations of organoids for cancer therapy. Synergistic applications of cancer organoids with novel technologies include organ‐on‐a‐chip, 3D bio‐printing, and CRISPR‐HOT. These synergistic technologies with cancer organoids underwent testing at the molecular and cellular levels and in animal models and were ultimately investigated in various cancers. At present, the main limitations of cancer organoids for cancer research are their variable reproducibility, failure to reconstitute the microenvironment, the unwanted effects of the ECM, lack of standardized protocols, high cost, and absence of vascular elements. ECM, extracellular matrix; CRISPR‐HOT, CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated homology‐independent organoid transgenesis