TABLE 1.
Culture systems of different cancer organoid models
| Tumor type | Extracellular matrix | Culture media | Inhibitors | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, Glutamax, HEPES, Primocin, recombinant human EGF, A83‐01, N‐acetylcysteine, recombinant human Noggin, Noggin‐conditioned media, R‐spondin‐1‐conditioned media | Y‐27632 dihydrochloride kinase inhibitor | [49] |
| Lung cancer | Matrigel | MBM, DMEM/F12, DNase, collagenase/dispase, penicillin/streptomycin, streptomycin, amphotericin B, bFGF, human EGF, N2, B27 | ROCK inhibitor | [67] |
| Pancreatic cancer | Matrigel | Wnt3a‐conditioned medium, B‐27, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, nicotinamide, human EGF, human FGF10, prostaglandin E2, gastrin, R‐spondin, Noggin | A83‐01 | [79] |
| Breast cancer | Basement membrane extract | ADMEM/F12, penicillin/streptomycin, GlutaMAX, HEPES, B‐27, N‐acetylcysteine, R‐spondin‐1, FGF7, FGF10, nicotinamide, Noggin, primocin, and neuregulin 1 | A83‐01, Y‐27632 | [30] |
| Liver cancer | Basement membrane extract |
Classical human liver organoid isolation medium: ADMEM/F12, penicillin/streptomycin, GlutaMAX, HEPES, B‐27, N2, N‐acetyl‐1‐cysteine, nicotinamide, gastrin 1, EGF, FGF10, HGF, forskolin, R‐spondin‐1, Wnt3A, and Noggin Tumoroid‐specific isolation medium: Classical human liver organoid isolation medium with the elimination of R‐spondin‐1, Wnt3A, and Noggin as well as the addition of dexamethasone |
A83‐01, Y‐27632 | [29, 104] |
| Ovarian cancer | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, human EGF, R‐spondin1, Noggin, Jagged‐1, L‐glutamine solution, penicillin/streptomycin, amphotericin B | Y‐27632 | [108] |
| Bladder cancer | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, FGF10, FGF7, FGF2, B‐27, A83‐01, N‐acetyl‐1‐cysteine, nicotinamide | Y‐27632 | [115] |
| Prostate cancer | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, B‐27, Y‐27632‐HCl, nicotinamide, Rspondin, N‐acetyl‐cysteine, SB202190, Noggin, A83‐01, DHT, Wnt3a, HGF, EGF, FGF10, FGF2, PGE2 | Y‐27632 | [119, 121] |
| HNSCC | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, B‐27, BME type 2, CHIR‐99021, Forskolin, GlutaMAX, HEPES, N‐acetyl‐1‐cysteine, nicotinamide, Noggin‐Fc fusion protein‐conditioned medium, PGE2, hEGF, hFGF‐10, hFGF‐2 |
Y‐27632, A83‐01 |
[123, 124] |
| Gastric cancer | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, GlutaMAX, HEPES, B‐27, N‐acetylcysteine, human EGF, hFGF‐10, noggin‐conditioned medium, R‐spondin‐1‐conditioned medium, Wnt‐conditioned medium, gastrin, nicotinamide, IGF, PGE2 |
A83‐01, Y‐27632, SB202190, CHIR99021 |
[126] |
| Glioblastoma | Matrigel | DMEM/F12, GlutaMAX, hibernate A, antibiotic antimycotic, neurobasal medium, MEM‐NEAAs, N2, B‐27, human insulin solution | Y‐27632 | [129] |
DMEM/F12: Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12; HEPES: N’‐a‐hydroxythylpiperazine‐N’‐ethanesulfanic acid; Wnt, Wingless‐related integration site; B‐27, a type of serum‐free supplement; BME, basement membrane extract; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; A‐83‐01: transforming growth factor; RHOK: Rho‐associated coiled coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase; SB202190: p38 inhibitor; CHIR99021: glykogen synthase kinase 3b inhibitor; IGF: insulin‐like growth factor; PGE: prostaglandin E; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor.