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. 2021 Dec 9;12:774257. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.774257

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Perturbation of gut microbiota impaired host resistance to chronic osteomyelitis and enhanced proinflammatory response. Specimens were harvested at 4 weeks postsurgery from mice in untreated, antibiotic-treated (Ab), chronic osteomyelitis (CO), antibiotic-treated CO (Ab-CO), implant (Im), and antibiotic-treated implant (Ab-Im) groups. (A) Experimental flow chart. (B) Length of femur specimen. (C) X-ray images of the femur in lateral view and gross photos after soft tissue dissection. (D) Histological analysis of the distal femur by H&E staining, osteomyelitis signs (*) in CO and Ab-CO groups, and nail path (#) in Im and Ab-Im groups. (E) Body weights of mice in all groups. (F) Detection of S. aureus in distal femur specimens by FISH. The red signal represents S. aureus; the blue signal represents eukaryotic cell nucleus. (G) Serum level of TNF-α in all groups (n=9). (H) Serum level of IL-6 in all groups (n=9). (I) Survival rates for CO and Ab-CO groups (n=38). (J) Bacterial cell counts based on FISH results from mice in CO and Ab-CO groups (n=5). Data for body weight, cytokines and bacterial cell counts are shown as the median and interquartile range. Survival data were analyzed using the log-rank test. Body weight data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. “NS” for not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.