TABLE 2.

Effects of one thousand US$ (at 2011 prices) of added GDP per capita on mortality (per 100,000 population), as estimated from regressions in which observations are weighted by the square root of the population size ¹ (Salud Urbana en América Latina Project, ten countries of Latin America, 1990–2015).

Dependent variable (death rate per 100,000 population)	All cities		Country
			Argentina		Brazil		Chile		Colombia		Mexico		Peru
	M1 2	M2 3	M1	M2	M1	M2	M1	M2	M1	M2	M1	M2	M1	M2
Total mortality	3.08+	2.83*	7.70	7.99	1.93	1.36	6.67+	7.01*	9.83*	7.16+	−6.10	−4.67	59.46*	57.55*
Female mortality	4.14***	3.95***	7.83	8.08	2.69*	2.50*	7.39*	7.57*	6.44*	4.98*	0.27	0.14	55.99*	54.10*
Male mortality	2.29	1.92	8.57	8.92	1.15	0.26	5.97	6.40+	13.25*	9.52	−12.62+	−9.49+	62.49*	60.59*
0–9 years	4.11***	2.50***	3.72	3.65	1.22	1.15	3.55+	3.20	10.45**	3.49	1.37	1.15	53.05+	52.73+
10–29 years	−1.46	−2.10	1.45	1.48	−1.61+	−1.85*	0.02	0.08	6.84+	5.08	−8.90+	−7.12+	9.74+	9.68+
30–44 years	−1.12	−1.78	−0.77	−0.71	−1.62	−1.69+	2.74	3.22	6.49	3.67	−9.07	−6.70	13.68	14.39
45–64 years	6.04***	5.14***	25.88+	25.97*	1.38	0.77	10.12*	10.32*	9.29+	6.25	2.47	1.72	32.01	33.95
65+ years	40.35**	34.35***	115.26	117.25	31.11*	26.46*	49.65	51.68	47.58	49.99+	1.95	1.23	375.41	385.22
Cardiovascular diseases	1.33**	1.21***	5.94	5.98	1.15*	1.09*	1.53	2.13+	2.69*	2.45**	0.06	−0.04	9.70**	9.39**
Respiratory diseases	0.03	0.22	−5.60*	−5.49*	0.13	−0.06	0.60+	0.51+	−0.00	0.08	−0.38*	−0.36*	12.15	11.89
Malignant neoplasms	0.52*	0.42*	2.48	2.50	0.08	−0.01	0.47	0.68	0.66	−0.08	0.12	0.10	8.32+	7.97*
Diabetes mellitus	0.41***	0.28**	1.77+	1.78*	−0.03	0.00	0.16	0.07	0.29	0.28+	−0.18	−0.32	0.00	−0.12
Respiratory infections	0.37**	0.46***	6.23*	6.30*	0.61**	0.56**	0.06	0.40	0.24	0.24	0.21	0.20	1.58	0.84
Infectious and parasitic diseases	0.15	0.21+	−6.66*	−6.61*	−0.18	−0.23	0.16	0.26	0.26	0.13	0.15	0.14	10.16+	9.90+
Nutritional deficiencies	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.04	−0.03	−0.02	0.27	0.29	0.10	0.19	0.21	0.20+	0.60	0.63
Road traffic injuries	0.68***	0.58***	−0.33	−0.32	−0.26	−0.37*	0.63**	0.47**	1.03*	1.06*	0.15	0.22	−1.11	−1.21
Suicide	0.07	0.07	0.80	0.78	0.06	0.05	0.40	0.48	0.07	0.05	0.16	0.13	−0.60+	−0.63*
Homicide	−1.73	−1.79*	0.54	0.54	−0.07	−0.12	−0.17	−0.24	2.87	1.22	−7.26+	−5.45+	0.25	0.21
Observations	4383		198		1806		252		910		979		184

¹Regressions in which the dependent variable is an age-specific rate only include as demographic covariate an index of masculinity. All other regressions include the population proportions of children younger than 10 and elderly older than 64.

²Model including fixed effects for city and year, and city-specific linear trends.

³Model with series detrended with the Hodrick-Prescott filter with a smoothing parameter γ = 100.

***p < 0.001.

**p < 0.01.

*p < 0.05.

⁺ p < 0.10.