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. 2021 Dec 7;10(12):767–779. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.1012.BJR-2021-0274.R1

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© 2021 Author(s) et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence, which permits the copying and redistribution of the work only, and provided the original author and source are credited. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Fig. 4 — Analysis data of distraction site after distraction are demonstrated at a) wo weeks, b) four weeks, and c) six weeks after distraction. Attenuation above 211 represented fully calcified bone callus, and attenuation between 158 and 211 represented the new uncalcified callus. Two weeks after lengthening, callus formation was significantly promoted in GHSR3h, with increased volume of uncalcified and calcified bone and mineral density of the callus compared with other groups. All three other pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment groups also revealed some levels of promoting effects on callus formation. On four and six weeks after lengthening, GHSR3h still had the best bone-healing outcome, with significantly higher bone volume and bigger bone mineral density (BMD). Classic signal three hrs/day (Gclassic3h) and HSR signal 1 hr/day (GHSR1h) appeared to have a similar healing outcome, which was better than those of GHSR1/2h and Gcon, but not as good as GHSR3h. * vs control (Gcon), "#" vs three Gclassic3h, "^" vs high slew rate (HSR) signal 30 mins/day (GHSR1/2h), "&" vs GHSR1h, p < 0.050. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s multi-comparison test were used for comparison of mean values.