Table 1.
The comparison of the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with and without seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status
| Patients with T1DM, n = 454 |
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Influenza vac (+), n = 107 (23.6%)
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Influenza vac (-), n = 346 (76.4%)
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P
value
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Pneumo. vac (+), n = 36 (8.0%)
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Pneumo. vac (-), n = 415 (92.0%)
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P
value
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| Sex (female) | 72 (67.3) | 207 (59.8) | 0.165 | 23 (63.9) | 254 (61.2) | 0.751 |
| Age (yr) | 38.48 ± 13.61 | 32.18 ± 11.58 | < 0.001 | 42.34 ± 14.51 | 32.94 ± 11.89 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (yr) | 18.20 ± 11.20 | 12.19 ± 9.33 | < 0.001 | 18.17 ± 11.52 | 13.23 ± 9.92 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.67 ± 4.26 | 23.61 ± 4.08 | 0.021 | 24.44 ± 3.70 | 23.83 ± 4.18 | 0.399 |
| SBP office (mm Hg) | 118.44 ± 13.83 | 117.65 ± 15.35 | 0.635 | 119.64 ± 15.30 | 117.68 ± 14.99 | 0.452 |
| DBP office (mm Hg) | 74.44 ± 9.60 | 74.17 ± 9.44 | 0.796 | 75.22 ± 9.43 | 74.15 ± 9.51 | 0.518 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 8.24 ± 1.77 (66.61 ± 19.33) | 8.79 ± 2.04 (72.56 ± 22.33) | 0.014 | 8.11 ± 2.05 (65.19 ± 22.42) | 8.71 ± 1.99 (71.70 ± 21.72) | 0.095 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 112.75 ± 39.00 | 105.18 ± 35.67 | 0.072 | 117.12 ± 35.19 | 106.04 ± 36.65 | 0.086 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 110.83 ± 74.83 | 116.32 ± 170.15 | 0.754 | 132.29 ± 82.02 | 113.41 ± 158.08 | 0.486 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.23 ± 18.70 | 56.32 ± 17.36 | 0.056 | 57.78 ± 19.49 | 57.01 ± 17.49 | 0.805 |
| Macrovascular complications, n (%) | 12 (11.2) | 25 (7.2) | 0.188 | 4 (11.1) | 33 (8.0) | 0.508 |
| Microvascular complications, n (%) | 42 (39.3) | 125 (36.1) | 0.558 | 17 (47.2) | 149 (35.9) | 0.177 |
| Higher education, n (%) | 82 (76.6) | 255 (75.0) | 0.732 | 31 (86.1) | 304 (74.3) | 0.116 |
| Private care center, n (%) | 18 (16.8) | 23 (6.6) | 0.001 | 6 (16.7) | 35 (8.4) | 0.099 |
| Lower-income, n (%) | 18 (21.4) | 69 (25.7) | 0.423 | 4 (14.3) | 83 (25.7) | 0.180 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 19 (17.8) | 98 (28.5) | 0.027 | 9 (25.0) | 109 (26.3) | 0.862 |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 30 (28.3) | 67 (19.5) | 0.055 | 9 (25.0) | 88 (21.4) | 0.616 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 13 (12.3) | 26 (7.5) | 0.130 | 4 (11.1) | 35 (8.5) | 0.590 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 33 (30.8) | 82 (23.8) | 0.147 | 14 (38.9) | 102 (24.7) | 0.062 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 84 (83.2) | 232 (70.9) | 0.015 | 31 (88.6) | 284 (72.6) | 0.040 |
| Statin treatment, n (%) | 23 (21.5) | 31 (9.0) | < 0.001 | 7 (19.4) | 47 (11.3) | 0.150 |
| Insulin pump, n (%) | 25 (23.8) | 64 (18.6) | 0.236 | 6 (16.7) | 82 (19.9) | 0.827 |
| Achieving metabolic targets, n (%) | ||||||
| HbA1c on target (< 7%), (< 53 mmol/mol) | 16 (15.2) | 52 (15.4) | 0.971 | 7 (20.6) | 61 (15.0) | 0.385 |
| BP on target (< 130/80 mm Hg) | 98 (91.6) | 308 (89.5) | 0.536 | 32 (89.9) | 371 (89.8) | 0.858 |
| LDL-C on target (< 100 mg/dL) | 35 (35.7) | 162 (49.1) | 0.020 | 10 (28.6) | 186 (47.6) | 0.031 |
T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; vac: Vaccination; Pneumo.: Pneumococcal, BMI: Body mass index; SBP and DPB: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C and HDL-C: Low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.