Table 2.

PFAS contaminants in soil

Data Type	Compounds	Contamination route	Levels	Citation
Survey: 60 soils, 6 countries	PFOA & PFOS	Air deposition (proposed)	0.124 ng/g and 0.472 ng/g; All U.S. samples tested positive (n=10)	Strynar et al. 2012
Survey: 62 surface soils samples U.S., several islands, all continents	Range of PFCAs, PFSAs & precursors	Air deposition (proposed)	< 0.02 to 14.3 ng/g, with PFOS and PFOA most frequently detected	Rankin et al. 2016
Industrial (data limited, highly variable)	PFOA PFOS	Industrial discharge	Up to 48 ng/g Up to 10 ng/g	Zereitalabad et al. 2013
Biosolids	PFOS	Soil amendment, Land application	2-480 ng/g	Sepulvado et al. 2011
Biosolids	Range of PFCAs, PFSAs & precursors	Soil amendment, Land application	Up to 5500 ng/g	Washington et al. 2010
AFFF sites	PFAS PFOA PFOS	Fire training activity & runoff	Often > 1000 ng/g 21 ng/g 2400 ng/g	Houtz et al. 2013
AFFF: 40 U.S. Air Force release sites	15 PFAAs & PFOSA precursors	Fire training activity & runoff	Median 53 ng/g; max 9700 ng/g. PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS at highest concs.	Anderson et al. 2016