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. 2021 Dec 8;6(50):34494–34500. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04707

Organorhodium(III)- and Iridium(III)-Substituted 20-Tungstobismuthates(III) and -Antimonates(III), [(MCp*)2X2W20O70]10– (M = RhIII and IrIII; X = BiIII and SbIII)

Ali S Mougharbel 1, Sihana Ahmedi 1, Saurav Bhattacharya 1, Ananthu Rajan 1, Ulrich Kortz 1,*
PMCID: PMC8697379  PMID: 34963934

Abstract

graphic file with name ao1c04707_0007.jpg

The synthesis of four organometallic RhCp*- and IrCp*-containing heteropoly-20-tungstates, [{RhCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (1), [{IrCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (2), [{RhCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (3), and [{IrCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (4) has been accomplished by reaction of (MCp*Cl2)2 with [X2W22O74(OH)2]12– in aqueous solution at pH 6 and 70 °C. The four polyanions 1–4 were structurally characterized in the solid state by single-crystal XRD, FTIR, and TGA and in solution by 183W and 13C NMR. For the Rh derivatives 1 and 3 the 183W–103Rh coupling (2JW-Rh 3.0 Hz) could be identified by 183W NMR.

Introduction

Polyoxometalates (POMs) constitute a unique class of anionic metal-oxo clusters, which can be formed by acidification of aqueous solutions of simple oxometallate ions (e.g., WO42– and MoO42–) and possibly a hetero group (e.g., phosphate, silicate, and germanate).1 POMs with a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and compositions can be obtained by simply tuning the reaction parameters, such as pH, temperature, stoichiometric ratio and concentration of reagents, as well as ionic strength.2 Noble metal-containing POMs are of particular interest for catalytic applications.3 The reactivity of rhodium and iridium ions with POMs, including organometallic derivatives such as RhIIICp* and IrIIICp* (Cp* = C5Me5), is an attractive research area. In 1984, Klemperer reported the organorhodium-capped mixed-metal Lindqvist derivative [(Cp*Rh)Nb2W4O19]2–,4a and in the same year Finke and Droege reported with a dicationic (RhIIICp*)2+ group covalently grafted to a [SiW9Nb3O40]7– Keggin ion via three bridging oxygens of a NbW2O13 triad,4b and this work was followed up by Nomiya et al.5 In 1993, Gouzerh and co-workers reported on five lacunary Lindqvist-type polyanions having RhIIICp* groups grafted, such as [Mo5O13(OCH3)4(NO){RhCp*(solv)}]− (solv = H2O and MeOH) and [Mo5O13(OCH3)4(NO){(RhCp*)2(μ-X)}] (X = Cl and Br).6 In 2000, Nomiya and Hasegawa reported the Wells–Dawson ion with two RhIIICp* groups grafted, [(Cp*Rh)2P2W15V3O62]5–,7 and in the following year the same authors reported the Keggin derivative [(Cp*Rh)PW9V3O40]4–.8 In 2002, Nomiya et al. also reported the Wells−Dawson derivative [(Cp*Rh)P2W16V2O62]6–.9 In 2003, Isobe and co-workers reported the first Cp*Rh-capped triple cubane- and windmill-type isomers, [(Cp*Rh)4W4O16].10 In 2015, Nomiya and co-workers introduced a dimeric tri-titanium(IV)-substituted Wells–Dawson ion with two bridging [RhCp*]2+ groups, [(Cp*Rh)2(Ti3P2W15O60(OH)2)2]16–.11 In the same year, the Lindqvist-type tantalate ion [trans-(Cp*Rh)2Ta6O19]4– was reported by Abramov et al.12 In 2017, Wang and co-workers reported on the Cp*Rh-grafted molybdophosphates [(Cp*Rh)4PMo8O32]3– and [Na2(Cp*Ir)4PMo8O34]5–,13 and in the following year, they prepared the octatungstate [(Cp*M)4W8O32]8– (M = Rh and Ir).14 Overall, the number of IrCp*-containing POMs is smaller than those containing RhCp*. In 2016, Abramov et al. reported on the hexaniobate dimer [H2{Cp*Ir}2(Nb6O18)2O]8– and the hexatantalates [(Cp*Ir)Ta6O19]6– and [(Cp*Ir)2Ta6O19]4–.15 Herein, we report on the reactivity of RhCp* and IrCp* with the heteropoly-22-tungstates [X2W22O74(OH)2]12– (X = SbIII and BiIII).

Experimental Section

Materials and Methods

Rhodium(III) chloride hydrate (RhCl3·xH2O), iridium(III) chloride hydrate (IrCl3·xH2O), and 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. The dimers (Cp*IrIIICl2)2 and (Cp*RhIIICl2)2 were synthesized according to the published procedures,16 and their purity was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polyanion precursors Na12[Bi2W22O74(OH)2]·44H2O and K12[Sb2W22O74(OH)2]·27H2O were prepared according to the published procedures.17 FTIR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet-Avatar 370 FTIR spectrophotometer using KBr pellets. Elemental analyses were done at ExxonMobil Chemicals Europe Inc., European Technology Center. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) were performed on a SDT Q600 from TA Instruments under the flow of N2 gas. The NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL ECS 400 MHz spectrometer, using 5 mm tubes for 13C and 10 mm tubes for 183W NMR, with resonance frequencies of 100.71 and 16.69 MHz for 13C and 183W, respectively. The chemical shifts are reported with respect to the references Si(CH3)4 for 13C and 1 M aqueous Na2WO4 for 183W.

Synthesis of Na9K[{RhC10H15}2Bi2W20O70]·33H2O (NaK-1)

(RhCp*Cl2)2 (0.009 g, 0.014 mmol) and Na12[Bi2W22O74(OH)2]·44H2O (0.100 g, 0.014 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL of 1 M aqueous sodium acetate (pH 6). The solution was heated at 70 °C for 30 min. After cooling down to room temperature, 100 μL of 1 M KCl were added to the solution. Red crystals of NaK-1 started appearing overnight and were collected after 2 weeks (yield: 69 mg, 65%). FTIR (KBr pellet, 1650–400 cm–1): υ̅ = 1628 (s), 1455 (sh), 1383 (sh), 942 (s), 797 (m), 755 (m), 643 (w) cm–1. Elemental analysis: calculated (found): Na 3.2 (3.0), K 0.6 (0.7), Rh 3.2 (3.4), Bi 6.4 (6.8), W 56.3 (58.2). Cp*/POM ratio (based on TGA): 1.97.

Synthesis of Na10[{IrC10H15}2Bi2W20O70]·55H2O (Na-2)

(IrCp*Cl2)2 (0.011 g, 0.014 mmol) and Na12[Bi2W22O74(OH)2]·44H2O (0.10 g, 0.014 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL of 1 M aqueous sodium acetate (pH 6). The solution was heated at 70 °C for 30 min and subsequently cooled down to room temperature. Red crystals started appearing overnight and were collected after 2 weeks (yield: 63 mg, 60%). FTIR (KBr pellet, 1650–400 cm–1): υ̅ = 1627 (s), 1453 (sh), 1383 (sh), 941 (s), 794 (m), 744 (m), 643 (w) cm–1. Elemental analysis: calculated (found): Na 3.2 (2.5), Ir 5.4 (5.2), Bi 5.9 (6.2), W 51.9 (53.0). Cp*/POM ratio (based on TGA): 1.99.

Synthesis of Na5K5[{RhC10H15}2Sb2W20O70]·25H2O (NaK-3)

(RhCp*Cl2)2 (0.009 g, 0.014 mmol) and K12[Sb2W22O74(OH)2]·27H2O (0.087 g, 0.014 mmol) were added to 3 mL of 1 M aqueous sodium acetate (pH 6). The solution was stirred and heated at 70 °C for 30 min. After cooling down to room temperature, 100 μL of 1 M KCl was added. Orange-red crystals started appearing overnight and were collected after 2 weeks (yield: 53 mg, 58%). FTIR (KBr pellet, 1650–400 cm–1): υ̅ = 1631 (s), 1454 (w), 1378 (w), 945 (s), 846 (sh), 806 (w), 799 (m), 769 (w), 660 (s), 511 (w), 460 (w) cm–1. Elemental analysis: calculated (found): K 3.1 (3.0), Na 1.8 (1.5), Rh 3.3 (3.4), Sb 3.9 (3.6), W 58.6 (59.6). Cp*/POM ratio (based on TGA): 1.93. The compound can also be synthesized using the sodium salt of the polyanion precursor.

Synthesis of Na10[{IrC10H15}2Sb2W20O70]·50H2O (Na-4)

(IrCp*Cl2)2 (0.011 g, 0.014 mmol) and K12[Sb2W22O74(OH)2]·27H2O (0.087 g, 0.014 mmol) were dissolved in 3 mL of 1 M aqueous sodium acetate (pH 6). The solution was heated at 70 °C for 30 min and then cooled down to room temperature. Orange-red crystals started appearing overnight and were collected after 2 weeks (yield: 33 mg, 31%). FTIR (KBr pellet, 1650–400 cm–1): υ̅ = 1631 (s), 1565 (m), 1410 (w), 1384 (w), 946 (s), 860 (sh), 806 (s), 766 (w), 653 (s), 508 (w), 465 (w) cm–1. Elemental analysis: calculated (found): Na 3.4 (2.1), Ir 5.6 (5.4), Sb 3.6 (3.7), W 53.9 (53.8). Cp*/POM ratio (based on TGA): 1.93. The compound can also be synthesized using the sodium salt of the polyanion precursor.

X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

For each of the four compounds, a single crystal was mounted on a Hampton CryoLoop in light oil for data collection at 100 K. A Bruker D8 SMART APEX II CCD diffractometer with the kappa geometry and Mo-Kα radiation (a graphite monochromator, λ = 0.71073 Å) was used to perform indexing and data collection, whereas SAINT was used to perform data integration Routine Lorentz and polarization corrections were applied. Multiscan absorption corrections were performed using SADABS.18 Direct methods (SHELXS97) successfully located the tungsten atoms, and successive Fourier syntheses (SHELXL2014) revealed the remaining atoms.19 Refinements were performed with full-matrix least-squares against |F2| using all data. In the final refinement, all nondisordered heavy atoms (W, Rh, Ir, Sb, K, and Na) were refined anisotropically, whereas the disordered counter cations and all oxygen atoms were refined isotropically. No hydrogen atoms were included in the models. The formula units shown in the CIF files are based exclusively on the atoms detected by XRD on a single crystal, whereas the formula units shown in the paper are based on the true bulk composition of the compounds determined by elemental analysis. Small discrepancies are exclusively due to the exact number of disordered counter cations and crystal water molecules. Crystallographic data are summarized in Table 1. The CIF files are available online via the CCDC codes 2070002–2070005.

Table 1. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement of NaK-1, Na-2, NaK-3, and Na-4.

compound NaK-1 Na-2 NaK-3 Na-4
empirical formulaa KNa4Rh2C20Bi2W20H30O94 (KNa9Rh2C20Bi2W20H98O104) Na5Ir2C20Bi2 W20H30O87 (Na10Ir2C20Bi2W20H140O125) K2Na3Rh2C20Sb2W20H30O96 (K5Na5Rh2C20Sb2W20H98O104) Na3.5Ir2C20Sb2W20H30O89 (Na10Ir2C20Sb2W20H130O100)
formula weight (g/mol)a 6206.3 (6550.0) 6256.8 (7090.0) 6079.9 (6439.5) 6079.8 (6986.0)
crystal system triclinic triclinic triclinic triclinic
space group P1̅ P1̅ P1̅ P1̅
a (Å) 13.6643(11) 17.1496(17) 13.6825(7) 17.1405(19)
b (Å) 13.7610(11) 19.521(2) 13.7623(7) 19.507(2)
c (Å) 18.2754(14) 23.720(3) 18.3248(10) 23.730(3)
α (°) 72.177(2) 103.050(3) 72.603(2) 103.028(3)
ß (°) 84.281(2) 99.932(3) 83.896(2) 100.372(3)
γ (°) 88.693(2) 113.932(3) 89.231(2) 113.516(3)
volume (Å3) 3255.1(4) 6752.6(12) 3273.5(3) 6756.6(13)
Z 1 2 1 2
Dcalc. (g/cm3) 3.166 3.077 3.084 2.988
absorption coefficient (mm–1) 20.657 21.605 18.300 19.388
F(000) 2701 5402 2661 5273
Rint 0.0658 0.1183 0.0682 0.1229
θ range for data collection 2.704–27.579 2.052–26.504 2.642–27.541 1.394–26.470
completeness to θmax 99.5% 98.9% 99.6% 99.3%
index ranges –17 ≤ h ≤ 17, −17 ≤ k ≤ 17, −23 ≤ l ≤ 23 –21 ≤ h ≤ 21, −24 ≤ k ≤ 24, −29 ≤ l ≤ 29 –17 ≤ h ≤ 17, −17 ≤ k ≤ 17, −23 ≤ l ≤ 23 –21 ≤ h ≤ 21, −24 ≤ k ≤ 24, −29 ≤ l ≤ 29
reflections collected 61,300 115,664 61,676 118,159
unique reflections 14,981 27,727 15,041 27,775
data/restraints/parameters 14,981/366/658 27,727/678/1231 15,041/366/658 27,775/684/1243
goodness of fit on F2 1.026 1.034 1.048 1.066
R1b (I > 2σ(I)) 0.0375 0.0615 0.0377 0.0752
wR2c (all data) 0.1061 0.1879 0.1100 0.2660
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a

Entries in brackets are the actual molecular formulae and weights of the compounds.

b

R1 = ∑∥F0| – |Fc∥/∑|F0|.

c

wR2 = [∑w(F02 – Fc2)2/∑w(F02)2]1/2.

Results and Discussion

The four polyanions [{RhCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (1), [{IrCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (2), [{RhCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (3), and [{IrCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (4) were synthesized by reacting the dimeric complexes (MCp*Cl2)2 (M = Rh and Ir) in a 1:1 molar ratio with the heteropoly-22-tungstates [X2W22O74(OH)2]12– (X = SbIII and BiIII) in an aqueous medium at pH 6. Polyanions 1–4 are isostructural, comprising a dilacunary [X2W20O70]14– unit with a Cp*M (M = Rh and Ir) entity grafted at each lacunary site via three M–O(W) bonds (the remaining coordination sphere of Rh/Ir is occupied by the Cp* ligand), leading to a structure with C2h symmetry (Figure 1). It is relevant to mention that for each MCp* (M = Rh and Ir) unit, one M–O–W angle is ∼180°, whereas the other two are ∼140° each. The formation mechanism of 1–4 can be described as a substitution reaction of the 22-tungstate precursor, where two equivalent tungsten atoms with three terminal facial oxygens are replaced by organo-noble-metallic units. The coordination mode of the two MCp* (M = Rh and Ir) units in 1–4 is identical to that of arylruthenium(II) in [(RuL)2X2W20O70]10– (L = benzene and p-cymene; X = SbIII and BiIII).20

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Polyhedral (left) and ball-and-stick (right) representation of polyanion 1. Color code: Rh (green), W (blue), Bi (orange), O (red), C (gray), and WO6 (dark red octahedra).

The number of crystal waters associated with each compound was determined by TGA on hydrated salts of 1–4. The thermograms shown in Figure 2 exhibit two weight loss steps each. The first weight loss between room temperature and approximately 200 °C corresponds to the loss of crystal waters, whereas the second weight loss step after approximately 400 °C corresponds to the loss of the Cp* group attached to the noble metal atom Ir or Rh. The FTIR spectra of the hydrated salts of 1–4 are shown in Figure 3, and they show the expected bands. The broad band between 3000 and 3600 cm–1 is attributed to the O–H stretching vibration and the sharp band at 1650 cm–1 is attributed to the O–H bending vibration associated with the crystal water molecules. The C–H stretching vibrations of the Cp* methyl groups are assigned to the band at around 2900 cm–1. The bands between 1350 and 1450 cm–1 can be assigned to the C–C stretching vibrations in Cp* and the rest of the peaks in the fingerprint region between 400 and 1000 cm–1 can be assigned to the W=O/W−O and Bi−O or Sb−O vibrations of the polyanions. The four IR spectra can be categorized into two sets, the Bi derivatives 1 and 2 and the Sb derivatives 3 and 4.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Thermograms of NaK-1 (top left), Na-2 (top right), NaK-3 (bottom left), and Na-4 (bottom right) from room temperature to 650 °C under a N2 atmosphere.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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FTIR spectra of the hydrated salts of polyanions 1–4 (1 wt % in KBr pellets).

Solution 183W NMR studies were performed on 1–4 in order to study their solution stability (Figure 4). The 183W NMR spectrum of 1 showed six singlets at −81.8, −83.4, −110.8, −118.1, −139.2, and −363.3 ppm, with relative intensities 2:2:2:2:1:1, respectively, in perfect agreement with the C2h symmetry of the polyanion. The peak at −363.3 ppm, which is assigned to the W atom connected to the Rh atom via a linear oxo bridge, is a doublet due to 183W–103Rh coupling (103Rh, S = 1/2, 100%) with a coupling constant of 2JW-Rh 3.0 Hz. On the other hand, the 183W NMR spectrum of 3 showed only five peaks at −97.7, −106.4, −115.6, −144.5, and −361.0 ppm with relative intensities 2:2:4:1:1, respectively. The peak at −115.6 ppm integrates to a relative value of 4 but is actually composed of two overlapping peaks with an equal intensity of 2. This observation is fully consistent with the reported isostructural arylruthenium(II)-derivatives [(RuL)2Sb2W20O70]10– (L = benzene and p-cymene).20,21 The peak at −361.0 ppm is a doublet due to 183W–103Rh coupling with a coupling constant of 2JW-Rh 3.0 Hz. The 183W NMR spectrum of 2 showed the expected six peaks at −81.4, −87.9, −111.8, −119.3, −145.5, and −379.7 ppm with relative intensities of 2:2:2:2:1:1. Unlike the Rh-analogue 1, the most upfield peak in the spectrum of 2 is a singlet due to the absence of any S = 1/2 nucleus for Ir. The 183W NMR spectrum of 4 exhibited a six-line spectrum with peaks at −98.8, −117.3, −118.4, −121.0, −153.2, and −380.3 ppm. The peaks at −117.3 and −118.4 are closely spaced but can still be distinguished when focusing in this ppm region.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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183W NMR spectra of polyanions 1–4 in H2O/D2O. The insets in the top two spectra show the doublets resulting from 2JW-Rh coupling. The polyhedral representation of the polyanion is representative for 1–4 and highlights the magnetically inequivalent tungsten centers in different colors.

The 13C NMR spectra of 1–4 in water are shown in Figure 5. All four polyanions exhibit the expected spectra with two 13C peaks each. The upfield peak around 8 ppm corresponds to the five methyl carbons of the Cp* ligands and the more downfield peak around 94 ppm for the rhodium derivatives and 85 ppm for the iridium derivatives corresponds to the five aromatic carbon atoms constituting the five-membered Cp* ring. It is important to note that both Rh-containing polyanions 1 and 3 exhibit 1JC-Rh coupling between 103Rh and the carbon atoms of the C5 ring with coupling constants of 6.6 and 7.0 Hz, respectively. We also made extensive efforts to obtain 103Rh NMR spectra for polyanions 1 and 3 but without success.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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13C NMR spectra of 1 (top left), 2 (top right), 3 (bottom left), and 4 (bottom right) in H2O/D2O. The insets show the doublets resulting from 1JC-Rh coupling.

Conclusions

We have synthesized and structurally characterized the RhCp*- and IrCp*-containing polyanions [{RhCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (1), [{IrCp*}2Bi2W20O70]10– (2), [{RhCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (3), and [{IrCp*}2Sb2W20O70]10– (4), respectively. Polyanions 1–4 were synthesized by reacting (MCp*Cl2)2 (M = Rh and Ir) in a 1:1 molar ratio with the heteropoly-22-tungstates [X2W22O74(OH)2]12– (X = SbIII and BiIII) in an aqueous medium at pH 6 and isolated as hydrated alkali salts. Polyanions 1–4 are isostructural, with two RhCp* or IrCp* groups grafted to dilacunary [X2W20O70]14– polyanion fragments. All compounds were characterized in the solid state by single-crystal XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and TGA and in solution by 183W and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The 183W spectra of 1–4 showed the expected number of signals and relative intensities, although in 3, two peaks are very closely spaced leading to an overlap. For 1 and 3, the two-bond 183W–103Rh coupling in 183W NMR could be observed. This is the ultimate evidence that the Rh atom remains attached to the POM framework in solution. Organorhodium and iridium-containing POMs are of interest for catalytic studies, which are currently ongoing in our laboratory.

Acknowledgments

U.K. thanks the German Science Foundation (DFG, KO 2288/20-1), the CMST COST Action CM1203 (PoCheMoN), and Jacobs University for research support. We thank Dr. Wolfgang Baumann (LIKAT, Rostock) for helpful discussions and 103Rh NMR measurements. Figure 1 was generated using Diamond, Version 3.2 (copyright Crystal Impact GbR).

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c04707.

  • Crystallographic data for Rh2Bi2W20 (CIF)

  • Crystallographic data for Ir2Bi2W20 (CIF)

  • Crystallographic data for Rh2Sb2W20 (CIF)

  • Crystallographic data for Ir2Sb2W20 (CIF)

Accession Codes

CCDC 2070002–2070005 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif, or by emailing data_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk, or by contacting the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Dedication

To the memory of Marcel Arndt (1995–2021).

December 8, 2021. Additional changes were made to Table 1 presentation and data, and the corrected version was reposted on December 21, 2021.

Supplementary Material

ao1c04707_si_001.cif (2.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_002.cif (4.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_003.cif (2.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_004.cif (4.5MB, cif)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

ao1c04707_si_001.cif (2.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_002.cif (4.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_003.cif (2.4MB, cif)
ao1c04707_si_004.cif (4.5MB, cif)

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