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. 2021 Dec 23;18:300. doi: 10.1186/s12974-021-02356-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Key role of SDV in the improving effects of rhANP on disturbed gut microbiota-induced cognitive dysfunction after LPS injection. a Treatment schedule. The pseudo germ-free (PGF) mouse model was created by administering large doses of antibiotics to mice for 14 consecutive days. The PGF mice underwent subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) or sham operation 28 days before fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The PGF mice were given by gavage fecal bacteria suspension from lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or 0.9% saline-injected mice with or without recombinant human ANP (rhANP) treatment. On day 15, hippocampus was collected. Western blot analysis of BDNF in the hippocampus of PGF mice received sham operation (b; one-way ANOVA: F_3,36 = 4.216, P = 0.0118) or SDV (c; one-way ANOVA: F_2,27 = 0.05614, P = 0.9455). The entries in the novel arm in the Y maze test in the PGF mice subjected to sham operation (d; one-way ANOVA: F_2,27 = 4.621, P = 0.0078) or SDV (e; one-way ANOVA: F_2,27 = 0.07938, P = 0.9239). The duration in the novel arm in the Y maze test in the PGF mice subjected to sham operation (f; one-way ANOVA: F_3,36 = 6.602, P = 0.0011) or SDV (g; one-way ANOVA: F_2,27 = 0.3912, P = 0.6800). The latency to eat food in the buried food test in the PGF mice subjected to sham operation (h; one-way ANOVA: F_3,36 = 6.701, P = 0.0010) or SDV (i; one-way ANOVA: F_2,27 = 0.7501, P = 0.4819). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 10/group. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01; N.S. not significant