The hydrodynamic characteristics of raw materials and precursor systems.

Samplea	d (nm)	PdI	ζ (mV)	D (μ2 s−1 )
Gel	247.8 ± 0.56	0.35 ± 0.01	+8.27 ± 0.63	1.99 ± 0.02
Alg	384.60 ± 13.27	0.43 ± 0.11	−60.10 ± 0.46	1.27 ± 0.03
PEO	67.78 ± 0.27	0.60 ± 0.03	−7.65 ± 0.95	7.27 ± 0.08
GO-COOH	383.40 ± 12.61	0.47 ± 0.03	−40.00 ± 1.15	1.25 ± 0.01
AS	202.60 ± 6.10	0.62 ± 0.09	−45.70 ± 2.30	2.30 ± 0.06
HGS-0.2	2091.00 ± 30.41	0.55 ± 0.08	−2.53 ± 0.31	0.23 ± 0.08
HAS-0.2	777.60 ± 11.50	0.57 ± 0.11	−16.30 ± 0.71	0.57 ± 0.01
AGS	256.80 ± 33.23	0.72 ± 0.10	−21.90 ± 0.83	1.68 ± 0.03
HAGS-0.2	564.00 ± 47.23	0.61 ± 0.01	−33.70 ± 0.30	0.82 ± 0.03

^aThe samples were prepared according to the synthesis protocol.