TABLE 6.

Representative quotes for the Facilitation theme

Category	Representative subcategory	Corresponding representative quote
Pacing Sessions	Move together	“For my group, [round robin] just meant that they could contribute one small factor to the problem, and then they would have a whole rotation to solve the problem alone on their own packets. They weren’t learning anything new this way, they were just moving through the problem. To keep this from happening, I decided to have each contributor write his or her step on the board and then toss the marker to someone else, popcorn style. This forced everyone to keep their heads up and engaged … [and] to see how the solution to the problem was growing up on the board.” (472, 2014, Male)
Questioning Strategically	Guide via questions	“Use open-ended questions. Get your students thinking about the concepts from the notes that they’ve taken. I remember being amazed at how quickly the students could make sense of a tough problem after I presented an open-ended question to help them target their attention to a particular concept.” (434, 2013, Male)
	Encourage student explanations	“One of the greatest threats to the growth mindset is self-deprecation. If you observe any negative comments made by students about their work, intelligence, or anything about their performance in General Chemistry, try to go out of your way to encourage these students to share their ideas and explain their reasoning to the group. It will help them develop clearer understandings of the material while also building their confidence.” (507, 2015, Male)
Motivating Student Learning	Provide incentives	“It might also be helpful to comment on your own experiences with either falling behind in a class or not attending lectures on time, since that way they will feel like they can still catch up to the class and succeed; some students fall so far behind that they don’t even think it is possible to do well in the class anymore.” (438, 2013, Female)
Structuring Sessions	Add variety	“My sessions started to get a little repetitive and tedious during the middle of the semester so I tried to spice it up through a few different methods. Although it may seem small, changing up who your students work with in small groups can provide a lot of new energy to the group. Also, you can modify a problem solving strategy to do something new, such as using a talking stick for round robin or switching scribes throughout a problem.” (471, 2014, Female)
Promoting Group Independence	Allow student struggle	“Hold back and let them struggle a little bit, even though it might be a little painful and awkward to watch them puzzle through a problem when you could easily answer their question.” (432, 2013, Male)