TABLE 1.

Categories used to describe interactions between students and instructors

Category	Interaction type	Explanation
Unprompted	Comment	Student makes an unprompted comment.
Unprompted	Question	Student asks an unprompted question or is only generally prompted.
Prompted and voluntary	Individual	Instructor poses a question and a student volunteers.
Prompted and voluntary	Post-discussion	Instructor poses a question, allows for peer discussion, and a student volunteers.
Prompted and voluntary	Post-clicker	Instructor poses a question, allows for peer discussion, students commit to an answer, and a student volunteers.
Group random call	Group random call	Instructor poses a question, allows for peer discussion, and randomly calls on a group.
Group work	Group work	Student talks directly with the instructor during peer discussion or activity.