Table 2.
Dual-task performance involving cognitive and motor performance (subdomains of cognition and motor function) at day 5 and day 20 of robotic rehabilitation of the upper limb.
| RM ANOVA | RM MANOVA | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Task performance | 5 days | 20 days | Within-subject comparisons | Within-subject comparisons | |||||||||||
| N | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Type III sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | P | Type III sum of squares | Df | Mean square | F | P | |
| COWAT-animal during motor task | 13 | −1.407 | 0.949 | −0.602 | 1.099 | 6.169 | 1 | 6.169 | 17.256 | <0.001 | |||||
| COWAT-supermarket items during motor task | 13 | −1.682 | 0.990 | −1.405 | 0.728 | 1.067 | 1 | 1.067 | 4.109 | 0.054 | |||||
| COWAT-phonemic during motor task | 13 | −0.765 | 1.212 | −0.442 | 1.436 | 1.070 | 1 | 1.070 | 5.494 | 0.028 | 1.621 | 1 | 1.621 | 4.212 | 0.063 |
| Smoothness during COWAT-phonemic | 13 | 0.434 | 0.121 | 0.483 | 0.086 | 0.026 | 1 | 0.026 | 22.970 | <0.001 | 0.032 | 1 | 0.032 | 15.947 | 0.002 |
| Reach error during COWAT-phonemic | 13 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.003 | 4.120 | 0.054 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 1.428 | 0.255 |
| Mean velocity during COWAT-phonemic | 13 | 0.089 | 0.041 | 0.103 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 1.718 | 0.202 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.003 | 2.369 | 0.150 |
| Path error during COWAT-phonemic | 13 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 4.288 | 0.049 | 0.001 | 1 | 1.866 | 1.866 | 0.197 |
| DST-for during motor task | 13 | 0.621 | 1.460 | 1.045 | 1.056 | 1.429 | 1 | 1.429 | 2.842 | 0.105 | 2.159 | 1 | 2.159 | 2.369 | 0.152 |
| DST-back during motor task | 12 | −0.572 | 0.989 | −0.880 | 0.743 | 1.517 | 1 | 1.517 | 1.527 | 0.230 | 1.137 | 1 | 1.137 | 1.060 | 0.325 |
| Smoothness during DST-back | 12 | 0.432 | 0.122 | 0.477 | 0.095 | 0.022 | 1 | 0.022 | 17.035 | <0.001 | 0.025 | 1 | 0.025 | 8.852 | 0.013 |
| Reach error during DST-back | 12 | 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.038 | 0.037 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.004 | 7.448 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.005 | 4.809 | 0.051 |
| Mean velocity during DST-back | 12 | 0.095 | 0.048 | 0.101 | 0.042 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.572 | 0.457 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.012 | 0.336 |
| Path error during DST-back | 12 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 5.419 | 0.029 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 3.223 | 1.00 |
COWAT-animal, naming an animal; COWAT-supermarket, naming items in the supermarket; COWAT-phonemic: speaking with consonance “¬,” “°,” “⋏” of the Korean language, DST, digit span test; for, forward; back, backward; RM-ANOVA, repeated-measures analysis of variance; RM-MANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation. All cognitive function scores are presented with a z-score.