Table 1.
Previously * reported cases of Heterodon nasicus bites with detailed information about symptoms, the origin of the snake, bite site, and circumstances.
| Size or Age of the Snake (cm, yo) | Age of Victim (Years), Sex | Origin of the Snake ** | Bite Site, Circumstances | Symptoms | Aid by Professional | Time to Resolution of Symptoms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ND | 26, male | Wild-caught (during the study in a lab) | Middle finger (left hand), accidentally | P, B, T, E | No | 1 week | Kroll (1976) [11] |
| 60 | 38, male | Wild-caught (caught in 1990, bitten in 2006 in captivity) | Fifth finger (left hand), during daily routine | B, P, T, E | No | 4 days | Averill-Murray (2006) [6] |
| 45 | 21, female | Captive | Arm near the elbow, during feeding | E, EC, mild P, T, L, B, ER | Yes | 5 months | Weinstein and Keyler (2009) [9] |
| 3 yo | 26, male | Captive | Left hand, accidental related to post-feeding manipulation inside the snake enclosure (scent of a mouse on hand) | E, mild P, B, S, B | Yes | 5 months (50% less mobility of the bitten finger) | Flenghi et al. (2018) [12] |
| 2 yo | 20, female | Captive | Left hand, the scent of a mouse during handling | P, T, E, EC, B, DC, TC | Yes | 4 months | Brandehof et al. (2019) [13] |
| ND | 19, male | Captive | Left arm, during feeding | E, EC, B, ER, P | Yes | 2 months | Kato et al. (2019) [5] |
| ND | ND, female | Captive | Left antecubital fossa, during feeding | E, B, EC, P, S | Yes | “several months“ | Weinstein et al. (2011) [4] |
| ND | ND, male | Captive | Middle finger of left hand (proximal phalanx of digit), ND | E, B, EC | Yes | ND | Weinstein et al. (2011) [4] |
Abbreviations: B—blistering, DC—skin discoloration, E—edema, EC—ecchymoses, ER—erythema, L—lymphadenopathy, P—pain, S—stiffness, T—tenderness, TC—thrombocytopenia, ND—no data. * Some of the cases are not included in the table because of the paucity of detail or very distant dates (relying, for example, on McKinstry 1978 [14], where he cites studies from 1881 to 1974, in which, mainly in the course of seeking answers to the question of Heterodon venom, researchers deliberately allowed these snakes to bite them). For other Heterodon bites records summary see Weinstein and Keyler (2009) [9]. ** Wild—snake encountered in the wild, wild-caught—wild snake caught and kept in a captive environment, captive—captive born snake kept in a captive environment.