Table 1.
Effects of dietary supplementation of PFAs on growth performance of broilers under non-challenging conditions.
| Feed Additive | Major Components | Dose, (mg/kg Diet) | Diet | Age | Treatment Effects (%, Compared to Control) | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BW | ADFI/FI | FCR | ||||||
| Olea europaea extract | Triterpenes (10%) polyphenols (2%) | 750 | Wheat-soybean meal based diet | 21–42 d | NM | NS | −7.9 | [62] |
| Achyranthes japonica extract | Flavonoid (1.15 mg/g), polyphenol (4.26 mg/g) and saponin (0.47 mg/g) | 1000 | Corn-soybean meal based diet | 0–35 d | 3.5 | −2.4 | −6.2 | [60] |
| EOs | Carvacrol (20%) and thymol (25%) | 200 | Corn-soybean meal based diet | 29–42 d | NS | −9.6 | −11.8 | [43] |
| EOs | Carvacrol (5%), cinnamaldehyde (3%), and capsicum oleoresin (2%) | 100 | Corn-soybean or wheat -soybean meal based diet | 16.4 | 6.1 | −9.4 | [86] | |
| Aerva lanata, Cynodon dactylon, Piper nigrum and Piper betle | Phenolic acid contents (10,176.8 μg/g), flavonoids (53.0 μg/g), other (220.2 μg/g) | 10,000 | Corn-soybean meal based diet | 0–42 d | 14.1 | NS | −14.0 | [58] |
| Pulicaria gnaphalodes powder | Phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, and triterpene saponins | 3000 | Corn-soybean meal based diet | 0–42 d | 4.3 | NS | −3.0 | [59] |
| Standardized lipophilic turmeric extract | 3.1% of curcuminoids content and terpenes (turmerones) | 10,000 | NM | 0–42 d | 9.0 | 1.6 | −7.7 | [57] |
| EOs | Carvacrol (63.5%), thymol (3.4%) and paracymene (13.1%) | 400 μL | Corn-wheat-soybean meal based diet | 28–43 d | 4.2 | NS | −3.9 | [40] |
| Thyme powder | Major EO (thymol (50.48%), γ-terpinene (11.03%), P-cymene (9.77%), and carvacrol (4.30%)), phenolic acids (salicylic acid (2450.03 ppm), ellagic acid (1240.42 ppm)) and flavonoid compounds | 5000 | Corn-soybean meal-based diet | 0–42 d | 4.6 | 3.3 | NS | [87] |
| EOs (oregano, anise, and citrus peel; CBP) | Carvacrol: 102 g of the chemical component/kg of CBP | 150 | Corn-soybean meal-based diet | 0–42 d | NS | -5.3 | NS | [88] |
| Combination of herbs, spices, EOs and extracts | Mainly EOs from mint, star anise and cloves | 100 | Corn-soybean meal-based diet | 0–42 d | 7.0 | NS | NS | [39] |
| EO (powdered and matrix-encapsulated form) | -Powdered: menthol and anethole -Encapsulaed: carvacrol, thymol, and limonene |
150 100 |
Corn-wheat-soybean meal based diet | 0–42 d | NS 2.4 |
NS NS |
NS NS |
[44] |
| EOs | Oregano containing carvacrol (26.4 mg/kg) or thymol (13 mg/kg) | 300 600 |
Corn-soybean meal-based diet | 0–42 d | 7.8 9.6 |
4 8 |
NS NS |
[41] |
| Spices: Nigella sativa seeds | Thymoquinone, dithymo- quinone, thymohydroquinone, nigellone, melanthin, nigilline, nigelamine, damascenone, p-cymene and pinene | 10,000 20,000 |
Corn-soybean meal-based diet | 0–35 d | 3 | NS | 5.6 | [52] |
NS: not significant; NM: not mentioned.