Table 5.
Effects of dietary PFA supplementation on microbiota of broilers.
| Feed Additive | Major Components | Dose | Duration of Supplementation | Site and Age of Sampling | Main Effects on Microbiota | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) and pomegranate rinds (Punica granatum) | Green tea: catechins Pomegranate: tannins and flavonoids |
2 mL/L in drinking water | From 0 to 4 days, 10, 11, 20, and 21. | Cecum Day 50 |
Family: ↑ Lactobacillaceae and Peptococcaceae Genus: ↑ Roseburia and ↓ Shuttleworthia |
[123] |
| Aerva lanata, Cynodon dactylon, and Piper nigrum (2 kg from each) and Piper betle (2 L.) | Phenolic acid contents (10,176.8 μg/g), Flavonoids (53.0 μg/g), others (220.2 μg/g) | 1 and 2% in the feed | 42 days | Cecum 42 days |
↑ Bifidobacterium | [58] |
| EOs | Carvacrol (102 g/kg PFA) | 115 g/kg in the feed | 42 days | Ileum and cecum 42 days |
↑ Cecal Bacteroides, Clostridium cluster IV, and Clostridium cluster XIVa | [124] |
| EOs | Carvacrol (20%) and thymol (25%) | 200 (LPE) and 400 (HPE) g/mg in the feed | 42 days | Duodenum, ileum, and cecum 14 and 28 days |
-Day 14: ↑ Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Thermi in the ileal microbiota of the HPE group ↓ Proteobacteria and Tenericutes, and 10 genera (e.g., Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium) -Day 28: ↑ Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria and three genera (e.g., Alistipes) in the cecal microbiota of the HPE group ↓ Actinobacteria and two genera (Lactobacillus and unclassified Coriobacteriaceae). |
[43] |
| -Oregano essential oil (OEO) -Commercial blend of phytogenic (CBP) |
5% essential oil of Origanum vulgare subsp. Hirtum plants -Carvacrol (102 g/kg CBP) |
300 and 500 ppm 150 ppm in the feed |
42 days | Ileum 21 days |
↓ Escherichia
coli for both OEO and CBP groups compared to the NC. =Lactobacillus |
[137] |
| EOs | Thymol, eugenol and piperine (29%) | 0.03% in the feed | 35 days | Ileum 35 days |
↑ Lactobacillus counts ↓ Escherichia coli counts |
[121] |
| Tea polyphenols (TP) | Caffeine (69.8 mg), (–)-EGCG (495 mg), (–)-epicatechin gallate (112 mg), (–)-epicatechin (100 mg), (–)-epigallocatechin (78 mg) and (–)-gallocatechin gallate (96 mg/1000 mg TP) | 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 kg−1 BW in the feed | 56 days | Ileum mixed with cecum 56 days |
↑ Species of Lactobacillus reuteri, uncultured Bacteroides sp. and L. crispatus | [135] |
| EOs | Thymol (25%) and carvacrol (25%) | 120 mg/kg in the feed | 21 days | Ileum 21 days |
↑ Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus agilis abundance ↓ Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus johnsonii abundance |
[131] |
| EOs | Equal mixture of thymol plus carvacrol | 100 and 200 mg/kg in the feed | 42 days | Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; 24 days | ↑ Lactobacilli counts ↓ Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens counts with 200 mg/kg |
[120] |
| EOs | Thymol (25%) and carvacrol (25%) | 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg in the feed | 28 days | Ileum and cecum; 21 and 28 days | Ileum: ↓ Escherichia populations Cecum: ↓ numbers of total bacteria and Escherichia on day 28 |
[130] |
↑: increased; ↓: decreased; =: equal.