Table 1.
A summary of studies that have compared the heat resistance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and non-AMR bacteria.
| Evaluation Temperatures (°C) | Medium | Species and Strains | Enhanced Thermal Resistance | Stated Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles (Antimicrobial or Class) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50–60 | Minced beef and potato | Y. enterocolitica | No | Nalidixic acid | [46] |
| 47 | Oysters | Vibrio vulnificus | No | Nalidixic acid | [47] |
| 54, 82 | Egg white powder | S. Typhimurium DT104 | No | NS | [49] |
| 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 | Liquid whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, whole egg + 10% salt, egg yolk + 10% salt | S. Typhimurium DT104 | No | NS, but strains of DT104 quoted as being resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines | [50] |
| 55 | Minced beef and potato | L. monocytogenes | No | Streptomycin | [51] |
| 55, 57, 59, 61 | Tryptic soy broth (TSB) |
Salmonella spp. serovars Saint-Paul, Anatum, Mbandaka, Agona, Reading, Typhimurium (DT104) |
No | Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam, gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Depending on serotype or strain |
[45] |
| 55 | Chicken pieces | S. Typhimurium DT104 | Yes | Ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines | [52] |
| 55 | Chicken pieces | S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium | No | Nalidixic acid, streptomycin | [52] |
| 55 | Minced beef | E. coli O157:H7, O26 | No | Ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, rifampicin, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline Depending on serotype or strain |
[48] |
| 55, 60, 65, 70 | Tryptic soy broth (TSB) |
Salmonella spp. serovars Montevideo, Typhimurium, Anatum, Muenster, Newport, Mbandaka, Dublin Reading, Agona, Give |
No | Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, gentamicin Depending on serotype or strain |
[44] |
| 56 | Whole milk | mecA- carrying Staphylococcus spp. strains (S. epidermidis, haemolyticus, lentus) | No | Tetracycline, kanamycin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim Depending on serotype or strain |
[53] |
| 57 | Tryptic soy broth (TSB-G) | 60 Salmonella spp. serovars including: Typhimurium (18 strains), Enteritidis (10 strains), Newport (9 strains), Heidelberg (8 strains), Montevideo (4 strains), Senftenberg (4 strains), Agona (3 strains), Infantis (3 strains) and Derby (1 strain). | No | NS | [54] |
| 60, 61, 62.5 | Tryptic soy broth (TSB) | E. coli (STEC) serotypes O26 and O103 | No | Ampicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, spectinomycin, oxytetracycline, clindamycin, sulfadimethoxime, tiamulin, tilmicosin, tetracycline Depending on serotype or strain |
[55] |
| 55, 60, 65 (Radio Frequency heating) | Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) | E. coli (STEC) serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, O11 | No | Nalidixic acid | [56] |
| 58 | Ringer’s solution | L. monocytogenes | No | Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin | [57] |
| 63 | Saline solution | S. aureus | No | Ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, penicillin, sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, tetracycline, oxacillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin Depending on serotype or strain |
[58] |
| 55, 60, 65 | Minced chicken | Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) | No | Aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracycline, beta-lactams, cefotaxime, phenicol, aminoglycosides, streptomycin Depending on serotype or strain |
[59] |
| 85, 95 | BHI medium |
MRSA S. aureus (ATCC 29,737, control) |
Yes | Cefoxitin, cefadroxil, cephalothin, colistin, polymyxin, aminoglycosides, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin:cyclic peptides, bacitracin, tetracycline: sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid:fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin:oxazolidone, linezolid:macrobid | [60] |
NS, Not stated.