. 2021 Dec 10;11(12):3527. doi: 10.3390/ani11123527

Table 5.

Mean values (%) ± SEM of the behavioral parameters that are related to stress in the horses in the anticipatory phase, the HP ground and HP riding phases (horse-patient interaction on the ground and on horseback, respectively) and the recovery phase.

Behavioral Signs	Phases
Behavioral Signs	Anticipatory	HP Ground	HP Riding	Recovery
Change of postural expression	6.73 ^a ± 3.27	2.88 ^a ± 2.11	1.92 ^a ± 1.92	5.77 ^a ± 4
Kick the ground	38.46 ^a ± 3.98	10.58 ^b ± 3.71	0 ^b ± 0	14.42 ^b ± 5.91
Head lowered	18.27 ^a ± 2.21	1.92 ^b ± 1.33	0 ^b ± 0	0.96 ^b ± 0.96
Ears back	3.26 ^a ± 1.79	1.09 ^a ± 1.09	2.17 ^a ± 1.50	1.09 ^a ± 1.09
Ears in a listening attitude	23.08 ^a ± 2.37	15.38 ^ac ± 2.8	30.77 ^b ± 2.88	7.69 ^c ± 3.33
Gentle head shake	1.92 ^a ± 1.33	0.96 ^a ± 0.96	0.96 ^a ± 0.96	0.96 ^a ± 0.96

The values are expressed in terms of percentage, that is, the frequency of appearance of each sign in each phase. Different superscripts within each row indicate significant differences between the phases (p < 0.05) for each parameter.