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. 2021 Dec 9;12:691033. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691033

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Risk of Bias assesment of the 132 reviewed research reports on GDM. RoB1: GDM ascertainment (1: biological assay/medical records; 2: self-reported; 3: unclear) RoB2: Sampling methodology (1: probability-based ''random, consecutive, or whole population within a specified period of time''; 2: non-probability based; 3: unclear) RoB3: Response rate (1:<80%; 2:80%) RoB4: Precision (1: tested sample size100; 2: tested sample size <100) NIH-1: Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? 1: Low risk of bias (ROB), 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB NIH-2: Was the study population clearly specified and defined? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB NIH-3: Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB NIH-3: Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3:Unclear ROB prespecified and applied uniformly to ail participants? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB NIH-5: Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB NIH-11: Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? 1: Low ROB, 2: High ROB, 3: Unclear ROB.