Table 2.
Baseline studies characteristics from Northern Europe.
| Author (Ref) | Duration of data collection | City | Sampling strategy | Population | Ascertainment method | Tested sample | GDM Positive | Prev. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | ||||||||
| Bonnesen B. et al. (42) | 01/2009-12/2010 | Denmark, Hvidovre | Consecutive | Primiparous women with a spontaneous singleton pregnancy | Medical Records | 3,440 | 43 | 1.3% |
| Medek H. et al. (43) | 05/2012 – 10/2013 | Denmark, Reykjavik | Consecutive | General population | IADPSG | 117 | 22 | 12.4% |
| Holst S. et al. (44) | 01/2006 – 12/2010 | Denmark, National | Whole population | Women with singleton pregnancies | Medical Records | 264539 | 5781 | 2.2% |
| Jeppesen C. et al. (45) | 01/2012 – 12/2012 | Denmark, National | Whole population | Women aged 15-49 years old | Medical Records | 56894 | 1721 | 3.0% |
| McIntyre HD. et al. (10) | 01/2010 –12/2012 | Denmark, National | Whole population | General population | WHO 2013 | 1516 | 620 | 40.1% |
| Hamann CR. et al. (46) | 01/1997 –12/2014 | Denmark, National | Whole population | General population | Medical Records | 104410 | 1914 | 1.8% |
| Women with atopic dermatitis any time prior to birth | 10441 | 175 | 1.7% | |||||
| Women with atopic dermatitis 24 months prior to birth | 1064 | 15 | 1.4% | |||||
| Women with atopic dermatitis during pregnancy | 319 | 3 | 0.9% | |||||
| Strand-Horlm KM. et al. (47) | 01/2004 – 12/2012 | Denmark, Aarhus | Whole population | Women with singleton pregnancies | WHO 2013 | 42571 | 928 | 2.2% |
| Finland | ||||||||
| Koivusalo SB. et al. (48) | 01/2008 – 12/2014 | Finland, Lappeenranta | Random selection | Women with a history of GDM or pre-pregnancy obesity | ADA 2007 | 269 | 47 | 17.4% |
| Ellenberg A. et al. (49) | 01/2006 – 12/2008 | Finland, National | Whole population | Women with singleton pregnancies | Medical records | 34460 | 2522 | 7.2% |
| 01/2010 –12/2012 | 36331 | 4128 | 11.3% | |||||
| Koivunen S. et al. (50) | 01/2006 – 12/2006 | Finland, National | Consecutive | Pregnant at gestational age ≥ 22 weeks or a birthweight ≥ 500 g | The Finnish Current Care guidelines | 15682 | 5179 | 9.1% |
| 01/2012 – 12/2010 | 30365 | 6679 | 11.3% | |||||
| Meinilä J. et al. (51) | 01/2008 – 12/2014 | Finland, Helsinki Metropolitan area and Lappeenranta | Unclear | Women at high risk of GDM due to obesity, history of GDM, or both | ADA 2008 | 251 | 46 | 18.3% |
| Laine MK. et al. (52) | 01/2009 – 12/2015 | Finland, Vantaa | Whole population | Primiparous women | The Finnish Current Care guidelines | 7750 | 1281 | 16.5% |
| Laine MK. et al. (53) | 01/2009 – 12/2015 | Finland, Vantaa | Whole population | Primiparous women with height < 159 cm | The Finnish Current Care guidelines | 689 | 198 | 28.7% |
| Primiparous women Primiparous women with height between 164-167 cm | 1221 | 243 | 19.9% | |||||
| Girchenko P. et al. (54) | 01/2011 – 12/2012 | Finland, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 2504 | 248 | 9.9% |
| Kong L. et al. (55) | 01/2004 – 12/2014 | Finland, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 649043 | 98568 | 15.2% |
| Ellfolk M. et al. (56) | 01/1996 – 12/2016 | Finland, National | Whole population | Women exposed to antipsychotics | Medical records | 21125 | 3047 | 14.4% |
| Ijas H. et al. (57) | 01/2009 – 12/2009 | Finland, National | Whole population | Women with singleton pregnancies | Medical records | 24555 | 5658 | 23.4% |
| Iceland | ||||||||
| Tryggvadottir EA. et al. (58) | 04/2012 – 10/2013 | Iceland, Reykjavik | Consecutive | Non-smoking women and without GDM risk factors | WHO 2013 | 168 | 17 | 10.1% |
| Ireland | ||||||||
| Lindsay KL. et al. (59) | 03/2012 – 03/2013 | Ireland, Dublin | Random sampling | Obese women | Carpenter and Coustin | 138 | 6 | 4.3% |
| Daly N. et al. (60) | 04/2014 – 08/2014 | Ireland, Dublin | Convenience | Obese European women | WHO 2013 | 24 | 16 | 66.7% |
| Mone F. et al. (61) | 01/2011 – 09/2012 | Ireland, Dublin | Whole population | General population | WHO 2013 | 7252 | 140 | 1.9% |
| Moore R. et al. (62) | 2007 -2013 | Ireland, Dublin | Unclear | HIV women | Carpenter and Coustin | 142 | 3 | 2.1% |
| O’Dea A. et al. (63) | 01/2013 – 12/2013 | Ireland, Galway | Convenience | General population | IADPSG | 690 | 48 | 7.0% |
| Farren N. et al. (64) | 01/2014 – 01/2016 | Ireland, Dublin | Consecutive | Women with family history of DM | IADPSG | 240 | 40 | 16.6% |
| Daly N. et al. (65) | 11/2013 – 04/2016 | Ireland, Dublin | Consecutive | Women with BMI ≥ 30 that participated in the intervention | IADPSG | 43 | 25 | 58.1% |
| Women with BMI ≥ 30 that did not participate in the intervention | 43 | 21 | 48.8% | |||||
| Lithuania | ||||||||
| Ramoniene G. et al. (66) | 01/2010 – 12/2010 | Lithuania, Khaunas | Consecutive | Obese women with singletons | WHO 1999 | 140 | 33 | 23.6% |
| Normal weight women with singletons | 3107 | 160 | 5.1% | |||||
| Malakauskiene L. et al. (67) | 01/2005 – 12/2015 | Lithuania, National | Whole population | Pregnant after bariatric surgery | Medical records | 130 | 3 | 2.31% |
| Norway | ||||||||
| Rasmussen S. et al. (68) | 01/2007 – 12/2010 | Norway, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 77294 | 1086 | 1.4% |
| Sommer C. et al. (69) | 05/2008 – 05/2010 | Norway, Oslo | Unclear | General population | IADPSG | 728 | 229 | 31.5% |
| Helseth R. et al. (70) | 04/2007 – 06/2009 | Norway, Trondheim, and Stavanger | Unclear | Nordic Caucasian women | WHO 2013 | 687 | 42 | 6.1% |
| Leirgul E. et al. (71) | 01/2006 – 12/2009 | Norway, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 233303 | 3484 | 1.5% |
| Garnæs KK. et al. (72) | 11/2012 – 03/2013 | Norway, Trondheim | Unclear | Women with BMI ≥ 28 that participated in the intervention | WHO 2013 | 46 | 8 | 18.2% |
| Women with BMI ≥ 28 that did not participate in the intervention | 45 | 13 | 29.5% | |||||
| Sorbye LM. et al. (73) | 01/2006 – 12/2014 | Norway, National | Whole population | Women in their second pregnancy | Norwegian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics | 24198 | 439 | 1.8% |
| Lehmann S. et al. (74) | 01/1967 – 12/2014 | Norway, National | Whole population | Women who trial labor after caesarean section | Medical records | 1119 | 686 | 63.0% |
| Sole KB. Et al. (75) | 01/1999 – 12/2014 | Norway, National | Whole population | Women with singleton pregnancies | Medical records | 907048 | 14200 | 1.57% |
| Magnus MA. et al. (76) | 01/2009 – 12/2013 | Norway, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 162343 | 5938 | 3.7% |
| Sweden | ||||||||
| Lindqvist M. et al. (77) | 2011 – 2012 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 181292 | 2548 | 1.4% |
| Nilsson C. et al. (78) | 2012 – 2013 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | WHO 1999 | 7491 | 210 | 2.8% |
| Stokkeland K. et al. (79) | 2006 – 2011 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 576642 | 6343 | 1.0% |
| Sundelin HEK. et al. (80) | 2006 – 2014 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 877742 | 9919 | 1.1% |
| Stogianni A. et al. (81) | 2009 – 2012 | Sweden, Kronoberg | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 280 | 97 | 34.6% |
| Crump C. et al. (82) | 1973 - 2014 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 4186615 | 34255 | 0.8% |
| Hilden K. et al. (83) | 1998 – 2012 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 1294006 | 14833 | 1.0% |
| Khashan AS. et al. (84) | 1982 – 2012 | Sweden, National | Whole population | General population | Medical records | 1292792 | 4967 | 0.4% |
| Liu C. et al. (85) | 2014 – 2017 | Sweden, National | Whole population | Refugees | Medical records | 31897 | 1148 | 3.6% |
| United Kingdom | ||||||||
| Farrar D. et al. (86) | 2008 – 2010 | UK, Bradford | Whole population | General population | WHO 1999 | 11516 | 1132 | 10% |
| West J et al. (87) | 03/2007 – 12/2010 | UK, Bradford | Consecutive | Caucasian British/Irish women | WHO 1999 | 3503 | 172 | 4.9% |
| Pakistani women | 2656 | 406 | 15.3% | |||||
| Syngelaki A. et al. (88) | 03/2006 – 07/2013 | UK, London and Gillingham | Unclear | General population | Mixed methods | 75161 | 1827 | 2.4% |
| Poston L. et al. (89) | 03/2009 – 06/2014 | UK, London, Bradford, Glasgow, Manchester, Newcastle, Sunderland | Random sampling | Obese women | IADPSG | 1280 | 332 | 26% |
| Sovio U. et al. (90) | 08/2008 – 07/2012 | UK, Cambridge | Unclear | Nulliparous women | Mixed methods | 4069 | 171 | 4.2% |
| Murphy NM. et al. (91) | 05/2007 – 02/2011 | UK, London, Manchester, Cork, Leeds | Unclear | Women at high risk of GDM | Mixed methods | 395 | 35 | 8.9% |
| Pregnant women without risk of GDM | 261 | 20 | 7.7% | |||||
| White SL. et al. (92) | 2009 – 2014 | UK | Unclear | Obese women | IADPSG | 1303 | 337 | 25.9% |
| Hanna FW. et al. (93) | 02/2010 – 12/2013 | UK | Unclear | General population | NICE 2015 | 6930 | 967 | 13.7% |
| Panaitescu AM. et al. (94) | 03/2006 – 11/2015 | UK, London | Unclear | General population | WHO 1999 | 107788 | 2542 | 2.4% |
| Hall E. et al., (95) | 05/2017 – 08/2017 | UK, London | Whole population | General population | NICE 2015 | 1267 | 264 | 21% |
| Balani J. et al. (96) | 2010 – 2011 | UK, Surrey | Unclear | Obese women | WHO 1999 | 302 | 72 | 23.8% |
| Nzelu D. et al. (97) | 2011 – 2016 | UK, London | Consecutive | Pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension | NICE 2015 | 773 | 93 | 12% |
| Vieira MC. et al. (98) | 03/2009 – 06/2014 | UK, London | Whole population | Obese women | IADPSG | 824 | 241 | 29.6% |
| Wagnild JM. et al. (99) | 02/2017 – 08/2017 | UK, Northeast England | Consecutive | Women at high risk of GDM | NICE 2015 | 326 | 31 | 16.5% |
ADA, American Diabetes Association; BMI, body mass-index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG, International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; UK, United Kingdom; WHO, World Health Organization.