Table 5.
Weighted national, sub–regional, and regional GDM prevalence in Europe.
| Country | No. of studies | Tested sample | GDM | GDM prevalence | Heterogeneity measures | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range (%) | Median(%) | Weighted prev. % | 95% CI | Q (p−value)1 | I2 (%)2 | 95% PI (%)3 | P–value4(fixed) | ||||
| Eastern Europe | p<0.001 (p<0.001) |
||||||||||
| Hungary | 2 | 10,962 | 1,660 | 10.1–14.9 | 12.5 | 15.1 | 14.4–15.8 | – | – | – | |
| Poland | 5 | 1,042 | 298 | 8.0–78.0 | 13.4 | 34.1 | 8.8– 65.8 | 427.8 (p<0.001) | 99.1 | 0.00–100 | |
| Republic of Moldova | 1 | 118 | 78 | – | – | 66.1 | 57.2–74.0 | – | – | – | |
| Overall Eastern | 8 | 12,122 | 2,036 | 8.0–78.0 | 14.2 | 31.5 | 19.8–44.6 | 665.8 (p<0.001) | 98.9 | 0.8–79.0 | |
| Northern Europe | p<0.001 (p<0.001) |
||||||||||
| Denmark | 17 | 474,094 | 19,350 | 0.9– 40.1 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 3.7–9.3 | 22,782.0 (p<0.001) |
99.9 | 0.00–24.1 | |
| Finland | 22 | 749,342 | 129,062 | 4.9–36.3 | 17.3 | 18.4 | 16.7–20.2 | 6,728.1 (p<0.001) |
99.7 | 10.6–27.8 | |
| Iceland | 3 | 168 | 17 | 2.3–28.9 | 9.1 | 11.0 | 0.6–29.7 | 17.5 (p<0.001) |
88.6 | – | |
| Ireland | 10 | 8,572 | 309 | 1.8–58.4 | 9.3 | 18.9 | 10.0–29.9 | 376.6 (p<0.001) |
97.6 | 0.0–64.1 | |
| Lithuania | 3 | 3,377 | 196 | 2.3–23.6 | 5.1 | 8.5 | 1.4–20.2 | 45.1 (p<0.001) |
95.6 | – | |
| Norway | 19 | 1,332,092 | 25,092 | 1.1–63.0 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 3.8–5.5 | 6,094.2 (p<0.001) |
99.7 | 1.6–8.9 | |
| Sweden | 20 | 7,479,062 | 74,073 | 0.2–34.6 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.5–2.2 | 18,241.0 (p<0.001) |
99.9 | 0.6–3.8 | |
| United Kingdom | 28 | 232,214 | 10,113 | 1.9–29.8 | 11.2 | 11.7 | 9.4–14.4 | 6,947.8 (p<0.001) |
99.6 | 1.8–28.6 | |
| Overall | 122 | 10,278,921 | 258,212 | 0.2–63.0 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 7.9–10.0 | 365,513.4 (p<0.001) |
100.0 | 1.0–23.4 | |
| Western Europe | p<0.001 (p<0.001) |
||||||||||
| Austria | 5 | 8,897 | 1,042 | 4.2–46.0 | 38.3 | 27.3 | 13.0–44.3 | 796.0 (p<0.001) |
99.5 | 0.0–90.4 | |
| Belgium | 2 | 14,773 | 614 | 4.1–11.6 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 3.6–4.3 | – | – | – | |
| France | 16 | 3,109,492 | 189,173 | 1.2–43.8 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 5.9–10.4 | 22,936.1 (p<0.001) |
100.0 | 2.7–17.0 | |
| Germany | 18 | 1,058,242 | 101,724 | 3.4–27.6 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 5.1–9.9 | 61,693.8 (p<0.001) |
99.9 | 0.8–21.3 | |
| Netherlands | 4 | 17,442 | 3,717 | 4.5–31.6 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 1.9–34.1 | 2,340.4 (p<0.001) |
99.9 | 0.0–100.0 | |
| Switzerland | 10 | 3,877 | 583 | 10.0–31.7 | 16.1 | 17.0 | 11.3–23.4 | 120.3 (p<0.001) |
92.5 | 1.7–41.4 | |
| Overall Western | 55 | 4,212,723 | 296,853 | 1.2–46.0 | 8.6 | 10.7 | 9.5–12.0 | 73,483.9 (p<0.001) |
99.9 | 3.4–21.4 | |
| Southern Europe | p<0.001 (p<0.001) |
||||||||||
| Croatia | 13 | 88,086 | 4,676 | 1.1–23.1 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 3.2–9.2 | 3,635.5 (p<0.001) |
99.7 | 0.0–24.0 | |
| Cyprus | 1 | 230 | 45 | – | – | 19.6 | 15.0–25.2 | – | – | – | |
| Greece | 4 | 1,122 | 102 | 7.6–17.0 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 6.4–14.3 | 69.6 (p=0.02) |
9.9 | 0.1–31.3 | |
| Italy | 32 | 222,809 | 13,497 | 1.7–47.6 | 11.5 | 14.5 | 11.1–18.1 | 13,663.2 (p<0.001) |
99.8 | 0.9–39.8 | |
| Malta | 1 | 203 | 43 | – | – | 21.2 | 16.1–27.3 | – | – | – | |
| Slovenia | 1 | 450 | 43 | – | – | 9.6 | 7.2–12.6 | – | – | – | |
| Spain | 17 | 756,181 | 37,786 | 4.8–39.6 | 11.4 | 15.0 | 11.0–19.4 | 1,838.4 (p<0.001) |
99.1 | 1.7–37.6 | |
| Overall Southern | 69 | 1,069,081 | 56,192 | 1.1–47.6 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 10.9–13.9 | 19,346.8 (p<0.001) |
99.6 | 3.0–28.0 | |
| OVERALL Europe8 | 254 | 15,572,847 | 613,293 | 0.2–78.0 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 10.0–11.8 | 674,742.8 (p<0.001) |
100.0 | 1.4–27.3 | |
1 Q: Cochran’s Q statistic is a measure assessing the existence of heterogeneity in estimates of GDM prevalence.
2 I2: a measure assessing the percentage of between−study variation that is due to differences in GDM prevalence estimates across studies rather than chance.
3 PI: Prediction intervals: estimates the 95% confidence interval in which the true GDM prevalence estimate in a new study is expected to fall.
4 Heterogeneity between subgroups using random effects model (fixed effect model).
5 Overall pooled GDM prevalence in 4 countries in Europe regardless of the tested population, sample size, and data collection period, using the most updated criteria when GDM ascertained using different criteria in the same population.
8 Overall pooled GDM prevalence in ALL Europe
CI, confidence interval calculated using the exact binomial method. GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.