Table 1.
Reference methods and limit of detection for the microbiological analyses of spoilage, pro-technological and pathogenic microorganisms.
| Spoilage Microorganisms | Reference Methods | Microbiological Criteria (Limit of Detection) |
| Total bacterial count | UNI 1 EN 2/ISO 3 4833-1:2013 | Regulation (EC) No. 853/2004 [4] |
| Coliforms | UNI ISO 4832:2006 | Linee guida per l’analisi del rischio nel campo della microbiologia degli alimenti [15]. |
| Enterobacteriaceae | UNI EN/ISO 21528-2:2017 | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
|
Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase positive |
UNI ISO 16649-2:2001 | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
| Psychrotrophic | UNI ISO 17410: 2019 | Conferenza Stato-Regioni 212/2016 [16]; Linee guida per l’analisi del rischio nel campo della microbiologia degli alimenti [15]. |
| Pseudomonas spp. | UNI ISO/TS 4 11059:2009 and IDF/RM 5 225:2009 |
Linee guida per l’analisi del rischio nel campo della microbiologia degli alimenti [15] |
| Coagulase-positive staphylococci | UNI EN/ISO 6888-2:2004 | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
| Yeasts + and moulds | UNI ISO 21527-1:2008 | Conferenza Stato-Regioni 212/2016 [16] |
| Pro-Technological Microorganisms | Reference Methods | |
| Yeasts + | UNI ISO 21527-1:2008 | Conferenza Stato-Regioni 212/2016 [16] |
| Lactic acid bacteria | UNI ISO 15214:1998 | Linee guida per l’analisi del rischio nel campo della microbiologia degli alimenti [15] |
| Pathogen Microorganisms | Reference Methods | |
| Salmonella spp. | UNI EN/ISO 6579-1: 2017 | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | UNI EN/ISO 11290-1:2017 | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
| Escherichia coli O157:H7 | UNI EN/ISO 16654:2001 | Conferenza Stato-Regioni 212/2016 [16] |
| Coagulase-positive staphylococci enterotoxins | AOAC 6 Official method 2007.06 VIDAS set 2 for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins. | Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 [3] |
1 (UNI) Italian National Unification; 2 (EN) European Norms; 3 (ISO) International Standards Organization; 4 (ISO/TS) ISO Technical Specification; 5 (IDF/RM) International Dairy Federation/Report of Meeting; 6 (AOAC) Association of Official Analytical Chemists; (+) As reported above, Yeasts can be considered both spoilage and pro-technological microorganisms.