Disease risk modulators in Taiwanese patients with COPD-E. Violin plots with included box plots showing the correlation between (A) Total LAA, (B) lnc-IL7R, (C) post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio, (D) BMI, (E) PM2.5, (F) PM10, (G) NO2, (H) SO2, (I) O3, (K) THC, (L) pack-year, or (M) age, with %LAA-950insp-based COPD-E severity. COPD-E, emphysema in patients with COPD; r, Pearson correlation coefficient; %LAA-950insp, percentage of lung attenuation area with values less than− 950 Hounsfield units on inspiratory CT scan. For %LAA-950insp: 1, no or mild emphysema (%LAA-950insp < 6); 2, moderate emphysema (6 ≤ %LAA-950insp < 14); and 3, severe emphysema (%LAA-950insp ≥ 14).