Combined BMI, lnc-IL7R, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2 levels are optimal classifiers for accurate patient stratification and COPD-E management triage in Taiwan. Visual representation (upper panel) and statistics chart (lower panel) of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves for (A) longitude, latitude, PM10, PM2.5, BMI, lnc-IL7R, (B) age, NO2, O3, pack-year, THC, and SO2. Precision–recall curves showing the tradeoff between precision and recall for (C) longitude, latitude, (D) THC, SO2, (E) PM2.5, PM10, (F) BMI, and lnc-IL7R. (G) Statistics chart of the precision–recall curves for (C–F).