Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of our cohort of healthy and COPD participants (n = 168).
| Variables | Healthy Controls (n = 43) | Patients with COPD (GOLD Stage, n = 125) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Smoker (n = 21) |
Smoker (n = 22) | I (n = 18) | II (n = 58) | III (n = 38) | IV (n = 11) | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD (Min-Max) | 68.33 ± 7.02 (50.00–80.00) | 67.45 ± 6.75 (47.00–80.00) | 69.39 ± 5.78 (61.00–80.00) | 67.97 ± 8.91 (41.00–9.00) | 71.24 ± 6.95 (56.00–80.00) | 67.09 ± 5.38 (61.00–79.00) |
| Median (IQR) | 69.00 (67.00–73.00) | 69.00 (65.25–71.00) | 68.00 (65.25–71.50) | 68.50 (62.25–73.00) | 70.50 (67.00–77.25) | 66.00 (63.00–69.00) |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 8 (38.10) | 17 (77.27) | 17 (94.44) | 55 (94.83) | 31 (81.58) | 9 (81.82) |
| Female | 13 (61.90) | 5 (22.73) | 1 (5.56) | 3 (5.17) | 7 (18.42) | 2 (18.18) |
| BMI, kg∙m−2 | ||||||
| Mean ± SD (Min-Max) | 22.79 ± 2.15 (20.50–28.80) | 23.14 ± 2.58 (19.11–29.20) | 24.05 ± 3.12 (19.10–29.36) | 24.33 ± 4.41 (16.40–34.80) | 22.50 ± 3.77 (15.80–36.20) | 21.31 ± 3.60 (16.20–27.70) |
| Median (IQR) | 22.00 (21.20–24.00) | 22.76 (21.85–23.95) | 23.90 (21.63–26.29) | 24.14 (21.16–26.60) | 22.30 (20.00–24.50) | 20.60 (19.90–22.98) |
| Tobacco Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Current smoker | 0 (0.00) | 13 (59.09) | 5 (27.78) | 31 (53.44) | 11 (28.95) | 2 (18.18) |
| Ex-smoker | 0 (0.00) | 9 (40.91) | 13 (72.22) | 23 (39.66) | 22 (57.89) | 8 (72.73) |
| Never-smoker | 100 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.90) | 5 (13.16) | 1 (9.09) |
| Smoking pack-years | ||||||
| Mean ± SD (Min-Max) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 65.00 ± 31.43 (30.00–145.00) | 48.89 ± 35.19 (5.00–150.00) | 49.02 ± 36.34 (0.00–180.00) | 49.30 ± 35.66 (0.00–156.00) | 56.73 ± 37.65 (0.00–123.00) |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 57.00 (40.00–79.50) | 42.50 (20.50–60.00) | 40.00 (23.00–60.00) | 40.00 (25.00–75.00) | 46.00 (35.00–85.00) |
| Pulmonary function indices | ||||||
| FEV1 (L) Mean ± SD (Min-Max) |
1.98 ± 0.37 (1.26–2.76) | 2.18 ± 0.42 (1.74–3.47) | 1.95 ± 0.26 (1.55–2.56) | 1.67 ± 0.40 (1.01–3.07) | 0.98 ± 0.25 (0.61–1.51) | 0.61 ± 0.13 (0.43–0.87) |
| Median (IQR) | 1.97 (1.80–2.06) | 2.09 (1.90–2.29) | 1.90 (1.74–2.11) | 1.61 b’ (1.38–1.90 | 0.99 a’b’c’d’ (0.74–1.12) | 0.58 a’b’c’d’ (0.52–0.66) |
| FEV1 % Mean ± SD (Min-Max) |
101.43 ± 5.10 (95.00–117.00) | 98.60 ± 6.68 (90.00–111.00) | 85.42 ± 5.24 (80.00–97.70) | 63.81 ± 8.57 (50.00–79.00) | 40.01 ± 5.71 (32.00–49.80) | 24.85 ± 3.98 (17.50–29.90) |
| Median (IQR) | 101.00 (98.00–103.00) | 96.85 (93.00–103.00) | 84.55 (81.3–86.68) | 65.00 a’b’c (57.38–72.00) | 39.05 a’b’c’d’ (35.00–45.00) | 25.00 a’b’c’d’ (22.10–27.95) |
| FEV1/FVC % Mean ± SD (Min-Max) |
100.76 ± 9.42 (80.00–125.00) | 100.45 ± 8.01 (90.00–120.00) | 63.49 ± 4.05 (54.64–68.26) | 59.33 ± 6.86 (45.00–69.72) | 47.93 ± 8.60 (28.00–65.00) | 38.84 ± 8.41 (27.00–49.61) |
| Median (IQR) | 100.00 (98.00–105.00) | 98.00 (95.25–107.75) | 63.68 (61.25–66.87) | 59.25 a’b’ (54.12–65.50) | 46.50 a’b’c’d’ (42.11–55.25) | 41.41 a’b’c’d’ (30.93–45.67) |
| Emphysema severity | ||||||
| Null/Mild (%) | 66.67 | 19.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| Moderate (%) | 33.33 | 66.67 | 69.23 | 20.00 | ||
| Severe (%) | 0.00 | 14.28 | 30.77 | 80.00 | ||
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; M, male; F, female; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range. The values of FEV1/FVC % and FEV1 % were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis tests and Dunn’s multiple comparisons (a’ p < 0.01, compared with non-smoker; b’ p < 0.01, compared with smoker; c p < 0.05, c’ p < 0.01, compared with COPD patients with GOLD stage I; d’ p < 0.01, compared with COPD patients with GOLD stage II.