Table 1.
Characterised drug efflux pumps in staphylococci.
| Family | Transporter | TMS | Gene Location | Prominent Substrates | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABC | AbcA | 12 | Chromosome | Hydrophobic β-lactams | [104] |
| MsrA | 12 | Plasmid | Macrolides, type B streptogramins, erythromycin | [105,106] | |
| Sav1866 | 12 | Chromosome | Vinblastine, doxorubicin, Dyes (ethidium, Hoechst 33,342) | [107,108] | |
| VgaA | 12 | Plasmid | Lincosamides, streptogramin A, pleuromutilins | [109,110] | |
| VgaB | 12 | Plasmid | Pristinamycin, streptogramin A, streptogramin B virginiamycin, mikamycin, synergistin, dalfopristin | [111,112] | |
| MATE | MepA | 12 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin), Glycylcyclines (tigecycline), QACs (benzalkonium, cetrimide), Dyes (ethidium) | [113,114,115] |
| MFS | FexA | 14 | Transposon | All phenicols | [103,116] |
| LmrS | 14 | Chromosome | Lincomycin, Oxazolidinone (linezolid), Phenicols (chloramphenicol), QACs (tetraphenylphosphonium), Dyes (ethidium) | [117,118] | |
| MdeA | 14 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin), QACs (benzalkonium, dequalinium), Dyes (ethidium) | [90,119,120] | |
| NorA | 12 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin), QACs (benzalkonium), Dyes (ethidium, rhodamine) | [121,122] | |
| NorB | 14 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin), QACs (cetrimide), Dyes (ethidium) | [123,124] | |
| NorC | 14 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin), Dyes (rhodamine) | [125,126] | |
| QacA | 14 | Plasmid | QACs (benzalkonium, dequalinium), Diamidines (pentamidine), Biguanidines (chlorhexidine), Dyes (ethidum, rhodamine, acriflavine) | [127,128,129,130] | |
| QacB | 14 | Plasmid | QACs (benzalkonium), Dyes (ethidium, rhodamine 6G, acriflavine) | [127,131] | |
| SdrM | 14 | Chromosome | Fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin), Dyes (ethidium, acriflavine) | [27,103,132] | |
| TetA(K) | 14 | Plasmid | Tetracyclines | [122,133] | |
| Tet38 | 14 | Chromosome | Tetracyclines, certain unsaturated fatty acids fosfomycin |
[134] | |
| RND | FarE | 12 | Chromosome | linoleic and arachidonic acids, rhodomyrtone | [102,135] |
| SMR | QacC | 4 | Plasmid | QACs (benzalkonium, cetrimide), Dyes (ethidium) | [136,137,138] |
| QacJ | 4 | Plasmid | QACs (benzalkonium, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) | [139] | |
| QacG | 4 | Plasmid | Benzalkonium, ethidium | [140,141] | |
| QacH | 4 | Plasmid | Benzalkonium, ethidium, proflavine | [141,142] | |
| SepA | 4 | Chromosome | Benzalkonium, chlorhexidine, acriflavine | [143,144] |
ABC: ATP-binding cassette; MATE: multidrug and toxic compound extrusion; MFS: major facilitator superfamily; RND: resistance-nodulation division; SMR: small multidrug resistance.