Table 1.

Comparison of the clinically relevant features of novel fluoroquinolones.

Novel Fluoroquinolones	Delafloxacin	Finafloxacin	Zabofloxacin	Reference
Chemical structure	Unique anionic (non-zwitterionic) structure, with special substituents and augmented polarity.	Zwitterionic chemical structure of fluoroquinolones supplemented with substituents.	Zwitterionic chemical structure of fluoroquinolones supplemented with substituents (two forms are available).	[16,18,29]
Bioavailability	58.8%	75% (by oral use)	No data available.	[29,31]
Protein binding	Approximately 84%	No data available.	No data available.	[24]
Mechanism of action	Dual-targeting of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes of gram-positives and gram-negatives with equal affinity. Increased bactericidal effect in acidic pH	Dual-targeting (weaker effect compared to other group members) of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes of gram-positives and gram-negatives with equal affinity. Increased bactericidal effect in acidic pH.	Dual-targeting of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes, predominantly of community-acquired respiratory tract pathogen gram-positives, and some gram-negatives. Ineffective against major nosocomial gram-negatives.	[26,27,28,49,50]
Approved Indication	Acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI) of adults caused by MRSA, MSSA, S.haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis, S. agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus Group, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, E. coli, E. cloacae, K.pneumoniae, and P.aeruginosa. Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia of adults caused by S.pneumoniae, MSSA, K. pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, and M. pneumoniae.	Otic suspension for acute otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in patients age one year and older.	Oral administration for acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	[18,43,44,45,51]