Table 1.
Characteristic table.
| Actual Antibiotic Prescription | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Location; Urban/Rural | Setting | Type of Population (Adult/Child) and Age Range | Male and Female % | Healthcare Provider/Prescriber | Number Eligible/Retrieved | Number of Prescriptions with Antibiotics | Outcome Evaluated | Outcome Evaluation Method | |
| Bhattacharya, 2012 |
Bilaspur, Chattisgarh. Urban |
3 primary care + 2 tertiary care hospitals | Adult (age ≥ 18 years) | n/r | Dentist | 600/ 600 |
463 | Drugs prescribed for toothache | Prescriptions | |
| Chandy, 2016 |
Vellore, TN. Urban/Rural |
Small hospitals, GP clinics, pharmacy shops | Adult/Child | n/r | GPs, pharmacists/dentists? | 353/ 353 |
353 (all were Ab orescriptions |
Pattern of antibiotic use in community—Ab use for various health problems (including dental) were assessed. | Prescriptions | |
| Datta-Datta, 2015 |
Chennai, TN. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult (age ≥ 18 years) | n/r | Oral Medicine specialist | 300/ 300 |
Not available | Drug utilisation pattern of oral medicine department | Prescriptions | |
| Deep Inder-Pawan Kumar, 2019 | South Delhi. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult/Child (>10 years) | 68.5%, 31.5% | Dentist | 783/ 1000 |
439 | Drug utilisation pattern at dental outpatients | Prescriptions | |
| Fayisa, 2019 |
Malappuram, Kerala. Rural |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult/Child (5–63 years) | 42.4%, 57.6% | Dentist | 2802/ 2802 |
Not available | Drug utilisation and prescribing trends of antibiotics | Prescriptions | |
| Jayanthi- Naidu, 2014 |
Mysore, Karnataka. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Child (specific age range not reported) | n/r | Paediatric dentist/ | 600/ 600 |
160 | Drug utilisation and cost analysis in paediatric outpatients | Prescriptions | |
| Kaikade, 2016 |
Dhule, Maharashtra. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Child (specific age range not reported) | n/r | Paediatric dentist | 300/ 300 |
200 | Antibiotic prescription pattern in paediatric dentistry outpatients | Prescriptions | |
| Khare, 2019 |
Ujjain, MP. Rural |
Primary care | Adult/Child (not reported) | n/r | Informal Healthcare Providers | 1273/ 1273 |
1126 | Practices and seasonal changes in antibiotic prescription for common illness | Prescriptions | |
| Patel NN, 2014 |
Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat. Rural |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult/Child (not reported) | 61.5%, 38.5% | Dentist | 200/ 200 |
Not available | Utilisation pattern of antimicrobial agents | Patient interview and hospital case record | |
| Patel PS, 2016 |
Vadodara, Gujarat. Urban |
Tertiary care hospital | Adult/Child (not reported) | 53.6%, 46.4% | Dentist | 934/ 934 |
Not available | Drug utilisation pattern at dental outpatients department | Patient case records | |
| Salman, 2009 |
Aligarh, UP. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult/Child (not reported) | n/r | Dentist | Not reported | Not available | Drug prescribing pattern in the outpatients department | Prescriptions | |
| Sharma M, 2014 |
Jaipur, Rajastan. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Child (2–16 years) | n/r | Paediatric dentist | 619/ 619 |
Not available | Drug prescribing pattern in paediatric dentistry outpatients | Prescriptions | |
| Suhaib, 2017 |
Aligarh, UP. Urban |
Tertiary care teaching | Adult/Child (11–70 years) | 54%, 46% | Dentist | 100/ 115 |
Not available | Antimicrobial prescription pattern in dental outpatients | Prescriptions | |
| Self-Medication | ||||||||||
| Study | Location | Setting | Type of Population (Adult/Child) and Age Range | Male, Female % | Prescriber | Number Reported/Chosen (Response Rate) |
Num using Abs/Total Self-Medicating(Antibiotic Self-Medication Rate) |
Outcomes Evaluated | Outcome Evaluation Method | Other Outcomes Evaluated |
| Dhaimade-Banga 2018 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra. |
Urban | Adults 25–70 years mean age 36.22 |
45.3%, 54.7% | Self | 300/ 300 |
32/ 243 |
Prevalence of self-medication for dental problems | Questionnaire | Source of medication, reasons for self-medicating. |
| Giriraju, 2014 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Davangere, Karnataka. |
Urban | Adults 18–65 years Mean age 38.8 |
75.6%, 24.4% | Self | 410/ 410 |
22/ 312 |
Prevalence and perception about self-medication for oral health problems | Questionnaire | Source of medication, triggering factors, reasons for self-medicating, level of education and SES |
| Komalraj, 2015 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka. |
Urban | Adults ≥ 18 years Mean age 38.8 ± 12.76 |
61.7%, 38.3% | Self | 175/ 175 |
12/ 175 |
Prevalence of self-medication for dental problems | Questionnaire | Source of medication, triggering factors, reasons for self-medicating, level of education and SES |
| Shamsudeen, 2018 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Chennai, TN. |
Urban | Adults 18–65 years 36 ± 15.62 |
48.7%, 51.3% | Self | 610/ 610 |
Not available | Prevalence, knowledge, practice of antibiotic self-medication | Interview- based on questionnaire | Source of medication, reasons for self-medicating. |
| Simon, 2015 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Manipal, Karnataka. |
Rural | Adults 18–66 years 33.51 ± 12.98 |
34%, 66% | Self | 400/ 400 |
10/ 120 |
Prevalence, pattern and awareness about self-medic for oral health problems | Interview based on questionnaire | Source of medication, triggers, reasons for self-medicating, level of education |
| Sultane, 2017 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan. |
Urban | Adults 18–65 years | 56.8%, 43.2% | Self | 220/ 220 |
78/154 | Prevalence of self-medication for dental problems | Questionnaire | Source of medication, triggering factors, reasons for self-med, level of education |
| Gandhi | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Gujarat |
Rural | Adults 21–60 years | 51.3%, 48.7% | Self | 230/ 230 |
Not available | Prevalence of self-medication for oral/dental problems | Questionnaire | Awareness about self-medication, and the risk factors among rural population |
| Rawlani | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Wardha |
Rural | Adults 7–70 years | 54.3%, 45.7% | Self | 175/ 175 |
Not available | Prevalence of self-medication for dental problems | Questionnaire | Factors associated with self-medication for dental problems. |
| Mahmoud, M.A. | Hyderabad, Telangana state | Urban | Adults > 18 years | 62.3%, 37.7% | Self | 175/ 175 |
Not available | Prevalence of antibiotic self-medication in the community | Questionnaire | Reasons for antibiotic use, criteria for antibiotic selection and source of information, knowledge on impact of self-medication. |
| Indications for Antibiotic Prescription | ||||||||||
| Study | Location | Setting | Population Evaluated | Mean Age/Age Stratification | Male % | Number Reported/Chosen (Response Rate) | Outcome Evaluated | Type of Antibiotic | Outcome Evaluation Method | |
| Datta, 2014 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Mohali, Punjab. | Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care; India-various |
Dentists performing implant surgery | n/r | n/r | 332/ 350 |
Antibiotics for routine implant placement | Prophylactic | Questionnaire | |
| Garg, 2013 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Indore. | Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care; India-various |
Dental practitioners | 31.58 ± 7.2 years | 55.3%, 44.7% | 552/ 1600 |
Pulp and periapical diseases | Therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Goud, 2012 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Bhopal. | Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care. |
Dental practitioners | n/r | n/r | 80/ 120 |
Various dental diseases and minor surgical procedures | Prophylactic + therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Gowri, 2015 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Meerut, UP. | Urban Tertiary care |
Interns, junior residents and specialist dentists. | n/r | n/r | 120/ 120 |
Various dental diseases and minor surgical procedures | Prophylactic + therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Jayadev, 2014 | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Hyderabad. | Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists | 21–30 years 70.5%; 31–40 years 23.2%; 41–60 years 6.3% | 51.4%, 48.6% | 344/ 400 |
Pulp and periapical pathologies | Therapeutic + Prophylactic | Questionnaire | |
| Karibasappa, 2014 | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Dhule. | Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
BDS and MDS qualified dentists | n/r | 54%, 46% | 82/ 82 |
Various oral conditions and routine dental treatment | Prophylactic + therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Kaul, 2018 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Kolkata. |
Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
BDS and MDS qualified dentists | 71% respondents were <30 years | 62%, 38% | 115/ 300 |
Various. Not clearly stated | Prophylactic + therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Konde, 2017 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Bangalore. |
Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
Dental practitioners and paediatric dentists. | n/r | n/r | 200/ 200 |
Various paediatric oral conditions | Prophylactic + therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Kumar, 2013 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Secunderabad. |
Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists | 28.6 ± 6.5 years (21–25 years 42.1%; 26–30 years 29.2%; 31–35 years 12.5%; 36–40 years 9.3%; 41+ years 6.9% |
50%, 50% | 216/ 246 |
Pulp and periapical pathologies | Therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Peedikayil, 2012 | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Kannur. |
Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists | 36.7 ± 10.7 years (<25 years 19.35%; 26–40 years 47.58%; 41–55 years 29.03%; >55 years 4.03% | 56.4%, 43.6% | 248/ 300 |
Various dental infections and routine dental procedures | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Saini, 2014 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Jaipur. |
Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care. |
Dental practitioners | Mean age 41 years | n/r | 500/ 525 |
Dental infection and routine dental procedures | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Sam Prasad, 2017 | Tertiary care teaching hospital, Chennai. |
Urban. Primary care. |
Dental practitioners | Mean 41.88 years. Age range 24–67 years. | 57%, 43% | 100/ 100 |
Unclear | Unclear | Questionnaire | |
| Shafia, 2019 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Srinagar. |
Urban. Primary and tertiary care. |
GDPs and specialist dental practitioners | n/r | n/r | 247/ 300 |
Various dental infections and routine dental procedures | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Wasan, 2017 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, New Delhi. |
Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
GDPs, specialist trainees and specialist practitioners | 27.9 ± 7 years | 41%, 59% | 539/ 667 |
Various dental conditions | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Gour, 2013 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Jaipur. |
Urban Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists | n/r | 56%, 44% | 150/ 175 |
Various dental infections and prophylaxis | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Harsh Vardhan, 2017 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Mallaram, Talangana. |
Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists and specialist dental practitioners | n/r | 70%, 30% | 450/ 700 |
Non-clinical reasons | N/a | Questionnaire | |
| Nandkeoliar, 2016 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Imphal, Manipur. |
Urban/Rural Primary and tertiary care. |
Dentists | 21–25 years 28%; 26–30 years 36%; 31–35 years 23%; 36–40 years 4%; >41 years 9% | n/r | 100/ 122 |
Various acute and chronic dental conditions and routine dental procedures | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Naveen, 2015 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Bangalore. |
Urban Tertiary care |
Dentists and specialist dentists | n/r | 47% | 202/ 245 |
Various dental infections and prophylaxis for medically compromised patients | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Padda, 2016 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Ferozepur, Punjab. |
Urban/Rural Primary care. |
Dentists | n/r | 60% | 200/ 200 |
Antibiotics prescription for various clinical signs and dental conditions | Therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Patait, 2015 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Sangamner, Maharashtra. |
Urban Tertiary care |
Dentists and specialist dentists. | n/r | n/r | 41/ 42 |
Various dental conditions | Therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Punj, 2018 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Mangalore. |
Urban Primary care. |
Dentists | n/r | 57.8% | 173/ Not known |
Unclear | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Puranik, 2018 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Bengaluru. |
Urban Primary care. |
Dentists | 56% ≤ 35 years; 44% >35 years | 54.3% | 400/ 400 |
Various oral conditions and dental procedures | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Srinivasan, 2017 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Vellore. |
Urban Primary care. |
Dentists | 25–35 years 70%; ≥36 years 30% | 54% | 117/ 150 |
Various dental conditions and procedures and non-clinical reasons | Prophylactic and therapeutic | Questionnaire | |
| Tripathi 2020 |
Tertiary care teaching hospital, Secunderabad, |
Urban Primary and tertiary care | Dentists | 25–34 years 77.9%, 35–44 y 16%, 45–54 years 3.1%, 55–64 y 1.5%, >65 y 1.5% | 52.7%, 47.3% | 363/568 | Implant therapy and management of peri-implantitis | Therapeutic | Questionnaire (online) | |
| Kaul. R. 2021 |
Tertiary care hospital, Manipur | Urban/ rural Primary and tertiary care | Dentists | 20–30 years 63.4%, 31–40 y 30.8%, 41–50 years 4%, >51 years 1.8% |
40.6%, 59.4% | 276/400 | Pain and infection control in children | Prophylactic | Questionnaire (online) | |
| Savithra Prakash | Pharmacies | Urban, Primary care | Pharmacists | n/r | n/r | 61/68 | Dispensing for toothache/toothache with fever | Therapeutic | Simulated patients | |
| Shoeb Ahmed | Hyderabad | Urban, variable |
Dentists, pharmacists | 23–60 years | 60% | 25/25 | Perception about reasons for AMR | n/a | Interviews (qualitative research) | |