Table 3.
Antimicrobial resistance profile of the foodborne pathogens.
| Antimicrobial Class | Antimicrobials | E. coli O157 (n = 15) | Salmonella (n = 13) | L. monocytogenes (n = 67) | Campylobacter (n = 68) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R No. (%) |
I No. (%) |
S No. (%) |
R No. (%) |
I No. (%) |
S No. (%) |
R No. (%) |
I No. (%) |
S No. (%) |
R No. (%) |
I No. (%) |
S No. (%) |
||
| Penicillin | Amp | 6 (40) | 0 | 9 (60) | 6 (46) | 2 (15.3) | 5 (38.4) | 60 (89.5) | 0 | 7 (10.5) | 63 (97) | 0 | 5 (3) |
| Pen | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 32 (47.7) | 0 | 35 (52.3) | 68 (100) | 0 | 0 | |
| Phenicol | Chl | 0 | 0 | 15 (100) | 1 (7.8) | 0 | 12 (92.2) | 42 (61.7) | 8 (11.7) | 17 (25) | 6 (5.9) | 0 | 62 (94.1) |
| Flo | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 66 (97) | |
| Quinolones | Cip | 0 | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.6) | 1 (7.6) | 7(46) | 5 (38.4) | 53 (79) | 1 (1.4) | 13 (19.6) | 4 (5.8) | 0 | 64 (94.2) |
| Nal | 0 | 0 | 15 (100) | 7 (53.8) | 1(7.8) | 5 (38.4) | 64 (95.5) | 0 | 3 (4.5) | 23 (33.8) | 0 | 45 (66.2) | |
| Aminoglycosides | Kan | 9 (60) | 1 (6.7) | 5 (33.3) | 6 (46) | 2 (15.3) | 5 (38.4) | 59 (88) | 0 | 8 (12) | 33 (48.5) | 4 (5.8) | 31 (45.5) |
| Gen | 13 (86.6) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (6.7) | 10 (76.9) | 1 (7.8) | 2 (15.3) | 52 (77.6) | 0 | 15 (22.3) | 17 (25) | 0 | 51 (75) | |
| Str | 8 (54) | 0 | 7 (46) | 11 (84.6) | 0 | 2 (15.3) | 66 (98.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 15 (22) | 12 (17.6) | 41 (60.2) | |
| Tetracyclines | Tet | 2 (23) | 2 (13) | 11 (73.3) | 3 (23) | 1 (7.8) | 9 (69.2) | 23 (34.3) | 0 | 44 (65.6) | 43 (63.2) | 0 | 25 (36.8) |
| Macrolides | Ery | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 25 (37.3) | 0 | 42 (62.7) | 67 (98.5) | 0 | 1 (1.5) |
| Azi | 11(73.3) | 0 | 4 (26.6) | 10 (77) | 0 | 3 (23) | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | 6 (5.9) | 0 | 62 (94.1) | |
| Cephems | Ceft | 0 | 0 | 15 (100) | 1 (7.8) | 1 (7.8) | 11 (84.6) | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Cefo | 1 (6.7) | 0 | 14 (93.1) | 1 (7.8) | 1 (7.8) | 11 (84.6) | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | |
| β–lactam | Amo | 1 (6.7) | 0 | 14 (93.1) | 1 (7.8) | 0 | 12 (92.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Folate pathway Antagonists |
Tri | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 | 13 (100) | 0 | 0 | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Sul | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 | 13 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Polymyxins | Col | 1 (6.7) | 0 | 14 (93.1) | 2 (15.3) | 0 | 11 (84.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Penem | Mer | 0 | 0 | 15 (100) | 0 | 0 | 13 (100) | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Glycopeptide | Van | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 45 (67) | 22 (33) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Oxazolidinone | Lin | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 39 (58) | 28 (42) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Nitrofuran | Nit | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 (8.9) | 59 (86) | 2 (2.9) | NA | NA | NA |
| Lincomycin | Cli | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | 8 (11.7) | 0 | 60 (80.8) |
| Rifamycins | Rif | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 67 (100) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Fluoroquinolone | Lev | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 61 (91) | 6 (9) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Ketolides | Tel | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 (5.8) | 0 | 64 (94.2) |
S, susceptible; I, intermediate; R, resistance; NA, not applicable. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the broth microdilution method [45]. Results are shown as number of isolates with the percentage given in parentheses. Amp: ampicillin, Chl: chloramphenicol, Cip: ciprofloxacin, Kan: kanamycin, Nal: nalidixic acid, Str: streptomycin, Tet: tetracycline, Gen: gentamycin, Sul: sulfisoxazole, Ceft: ceftriaxone, Amo: amoxicillin, Cefo: cefoxitin, Azi: azithromycin, Tri: trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Mer: meropenem, Col: colistin, Pen: penicillin G, Ery: erythromycin, Van: vancomycin, Lin: linezolid, Nit: nitrofurantoin, Cli: clindamycin, Rif: rifampicin, Lev: levofloxacin, Tel: telithromycin, Flo: florfenicol.