Table 4.
The mean percentage cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages (n = 3) with standard deviation in brackets and ΣFIC values after treatment with essential oil combinations.
| Essential Oil Combination | Cell Viability against Individual Essential Oils (%) |
Cell Viability against Combined Essential Oils (%) ** |
ƩFIC *** % Cell Viability |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential Oil 1 | Essential Oil 2 | Essential Oil 1 | Essential Oil 2 | ||
|
Amyris balsamifera (amyris) |
Styrax benzoin (benzoin) |
8.11 (±4.52) | 47.98 (±0.08) | 7.90 (±4.05) | 0.57 |
|
Ocimum basilicum (basil) |
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) |
50.63 (±2.39) | 66.15 (±2.07) | 66.80 (±3.90) | 1.16 |
|
Laurus nobilis (bay) |
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) |
58.49 (±9.20) | 67.01 (±0.23) | 74.91 (±0.15) | 1.2 |
|
Styrax benzoin (benzoin) |
Mentha piperita (peppermint) |
47.98 (±0.08) | 61.83 (±3.25) | 58.45 (±0.09) | 1.08 |
|
Rosa damascene (rose) |
60.04 (±3.54) | 36.90 (±1.75) | 0.69 | ||
|
Citrus bergamia (bergamot) |
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) |
33.40 (±4.98) | 7.98 (±0.33) | 8.68 (±2.65) | 0.67 |
|
Elettaria cardamonum (cardamom) |
Coriandrum sativum (coriander) |
8.11 (±3.77) | 9.12 (±5.27) | 8.11 (±2.65) | 0.94 |
|
Salvia sclarea (clary sage) |
Citrus bergamia (bergamot) |
14.99 (±0.15) | 33.40 (±4.98) | 8.07 (±0.88) | 0.39 |
|
Lavandula burnati (lavandin) |
71.04 (±0.15) | 55.64 (±0.69) | 2.25 | ||
|
Citrus aurantifolia (lime) |
12.3 (±4.82) | 8.15 (±0.15) | 0.60 | ||
|
Syzygium caryophyllata (clove) |
Juniperus virginiana (cederwood) |
23.83 (±3.70) | 57.68 (±3.99) | 7.98 (±0.09) | 0.24 |
|
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) |
66.15 (±2.07) | 51.65 (±0.23) | 1.47 | ||
|
Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) |
Salvia sclarea (clary sage) |
7.98 (±0.33) | 14.99 (±0.15) | 9.94 (±0.23) | 0.95 |
|
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop) |
63.14 (±0.09) | 12.18 (±0.13) | 0.86 | ||
|
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) |
71.53 (±3.44) | 9.08 (±0.23) | 0.63 | ||
|
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) |
66.15 (±2.07) | 83.83 (±8.08) | 5.88 | ||
|
Ferula galbaniflua (galbanum) |
Zingiber officinale (ginger) |
8.07 (±5.13) | 8.11 (±1.63) | 8.07 (±1.74) | 1.00 |
|
Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop) |
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) |
63.14 (±0.09) | 77.64 (±0.84) | 79.59 (±3.12) | 1.14 |
|
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle) |
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) |
7.94 (±0.09) | 71.53 (±3.44) | 8.27 (±0.48) | 0.58 |
|
Lavandula spica (lavender spike) |
68.92 (±0.08) | 72.06 (±1.93) | 5.06 | ||
|
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) |
Citrus aurantifolia (lime) |
71.53 (±3.44) | 12.3 (±4.82) | 68.84 (±0.09) | 3.28 |
|
Origanum marjorana (marjoram) |
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) |
57.84 (±0.28) | 66.15 (±2.07) | 90.14 (±0.16) | 1.46 |
|
Myrtus communis (myrtle) |
59.43 (±4.00) | 78.00 (±4.67) | 1.25 | ||
|
Origanum vulgare (origanum) |
68.84 (±3.69) | 86.31 (±0.58) | 1.28 | ||
| LPS | 109.31 (±0.04) | ||||
| Positive control (Adenosine Guanine) | 119.51 (±0.23) | ||||
| Negative control (LPS + medium) | 100.00 (±0.18) | ||||
Combined essential oil cell viability (%) ** bold and italics denotes non-toxic effect (%cell viability greater than 50%); ƩFIC *** in bold denotes synergistic effect (ƩFIC less than or equal to 0.50); ƩFIC in italics denotes additive effect (ƩFIC greater than 0.50 but less than or equal to 1.00).