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. 2021 Dec 14;9(12):1909. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121909

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The bioactivity of phenolic antioxidants and some of their main mechanisms of action. Cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK); interleukin (IL), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K); transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1).