Figure 4.

(A) Schematic representation of chemical structure of CDs, showing primary and secondary -OH groups and their conformation (truncate shape). (B) Inclusion complex for gallates (stoichiometry 1:1) with the phenolic ring inserted into the CD cavity and the -OH groups pointing outwards. (C) Representation of potential distributions of a free hydrophilic CD, gallates, and a gallates–CD complex between bulk water, unstirred water, and membrane. Gallates–CD complex formation can enchance gallates diffusion through the unstirred water phase and, consequently, their membrane permeation (adapted from reference [169]. (D) Schematic representation of potential localization of a free AO and AO − CD complex in liposomes.