Table 5.
Propolis from different countries and some of its identified flavonoids with anti-photoaging properties.
| Propolis/Flavonoids | Model/UV Radiation | Identified Flavonoids |
Activities | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil (green propolis) |
HDFs/ UVA |
N.I. | Inhibits intracellular ROS generation, and ERK and p38 phosphorylation level | [109] |
| N.I. | Positively modulates early HO-1 expression; induces the rapid translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus |
[105] | ||
| Iran | HDFs/ UVB |
N.I. | Raises NGF and FOXO3A gene expression; reduces b-galactosidase activity; presents outstanding antioxidant activity | [110] |
| Korea/apigenin, and quercetin | Catechin, naringenin, apigenin, and quercetin | Propolis inhibits MMP-1 production, mRNA levels, and collagen degradation; suppresses Akt, PDK1, and PI3K activity; apigenin and quercetin inhibits PI3K activity |
[106] | |
| Korea | HaCaT cells/ UVA |
N.I. | Suppresses apoptosis, C-caspase-3 expression; decreases the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production | [111] |
| Greece | HaCaT cells/ UVB; EpiDermTM/ UVB |
N.I. | In HaCaT cells, presents antioxidant activity; reduces DNA damage and total protein carbonyl content. In EpiDermTM, decreases MMP-9, MMP-7, MMP-3, and MMP-1 mRNA levels |
[107] |
| Romania | Swiss mice/ UVB |
Luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin | Reduces MDA and IL-6 levels, C-caspase-3 activation, sunburn cell formation, and CPDs generation; increases GPx activity | [108] |
N.I. = No Identified.