Table 7.

Anti-psoriatic activity of the flavonols present in propolis.

Flavonols	Model/Psoriasis Inducer	Activities	Ref.
Quercetin	Albino mice	Increases orthokeratosis; decreases granular layer of the epidermis; presents anti-inflammatory effects	[115]
	BALB/c mice/imiquimod	Reduces psoriatic symptoms, PASI, temperature of the psoriasis-like lesions, histological damage, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α; increases SOD, CAT, and GSH; downregulates the expression of RelB, IKKα, and NIK; upregulates TRAF3 expression	[126]
Fisetin	NHEKs, A431, HaCaT, PBMCs and FTRHSP	Inhibits cells growth of NHEKs, A431, HaCaT; on NHEKs induce TGase activity; increases nuclear expression of AP-1 factor subunits (factor Fos (Fos B, c-Fos, and Fra-1/2) y Jun (JunD, JunB, and c-Jun)); suppresses TNF-α-induced activation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway; reduces TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-8, IL-6, and TGF-α; in PBMCs inhibits IL-17A and IFN-γ mRNA accumulation; in FTRHSP suppresses expression of desmoglein-1, TGase-1, filaggrin, involucrin, and KRT10, IL-17A, p-p70S6K, and psoriasin markers	[127]
Kaempferol	T cells	Suppresses T cells proliferation; inhibits phosphorylation of p70S6K downstream of the mTOR signaling	[117]
	BALB/c mice/imiquimod	Reduces psoriatic symptoms, histological damage, PASI, CD3+T cell infiltration, IL-17A+CD4+ or RORγt+CD4+ T cells, mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17A; inhibits p-NF-κB p65 expression; promotes CD4+FoxP3+ Treg generation