Table 6.

Lysozyme modifications and nanotechnologies.

NANOMATERIAL
	Tested Microorganisms	Reagent or Method	Applications/Claimed Uses	Refs.
Cellulose nanocrystals	M. lysodeikticus Corynebacterium sp. E. coli P. mendocina	Glutaraldehyde	Improved antibacterial action also against Gram-negative bacteria	[292]
Cellulose nanocrystals	B. subtilis	Cellulose-CHO	Inhibition of biofilm	[110]
Cellulose acetate nanofibers, sodium alginate	S. aureus	Electrostatic interactions	Milk and dairy products	[293]
Cellulose acetate nanofibrous LBL	E. coli S. aureus	Electrostatic interactions	Food packaging, adhesive wound dressing, and tissue engineering	[294]
Cellulose NPs/b-chitosan	L. innocua E. coli	Encapsulation	Packaging material for shelf life extension	[295]
Nanocellulose aerogel	S. aureus E. coli	Electrostatic interactions	Wound dressings	[296]
Chitin nanowhiskers	E. coli S. aureus B. subtilis	Adsorption	Enhancement of the antibacterial efficiency for food preservation	[297]
Chitosan NPs/tannin	S. aureus S. enteriditis L. monocytogenes	Encapsulation	Food industry	[298]
Chitosan NPs	S. epidermidis		Encapsulation of antimicrobial peptides	[299]
Poly-γ-glutamic acid, chitosan NPs	E. coli B. subtilis	Loading	Controlled delivery system	[300]
Polystyrene nanospheres	E. coli	Electrospinning	Food processing and medical equipment	[301]
Nanopatterned poly(isopropylacrylamide)	E. coli S. epidermidis	Adsorption	Mitigation of short-term bacterial biofouling	[302]
Eugenol-casein NPs	S. aureus Bacillus sp.	Encapsulation	Food preservation	[303]
Melanosome nanostructures	MRSA	Electrostatic interactions	Tissue repair	[304]
Glass NPs	B. subtilis, (human hepatocellular carcinoma)	Electrostatic interactions	Treatment of bone defects caused by tumors	[305]
Carbon NTs single-wallet carbon nanotubes	M. lysodeikticus	Noncovalent or covalent interactions	Covalent functionalization led to improved dispersion stability and longer duration of bacterial lysis relative to noncovalent lysozyme single-walled carbon nanotubes	[306,307]
Single walled carbon NTs, DNA fibers	M. lysodeikticus	Spinning, electrostatic interactions	Drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biocompatible composites	[308]
Nanodiamonds	E. coli	Electrostatic interactions	Biolabel to observe the interaction of Lys with bacteria	[309]
Silica NPs	E. coli	Electrostatic interactions	Highly efficient antibacterial agent in vitro and in vivo with low cytotoxicity and negligible hemolytic activity	[310]
Silicon nanowires, poly (methacrylic acid)	E. coli	Adsorption	Engineering of surfaces with switchable functionalities	[311]
Halloysite NTs	E. coli	1,6-hexan-ethylene diisocyanate	Reduced fouling in water treatment	[312]
Montmorillonite K10-silver NPs	E. coli P. aeruginosa MRSA L. monocytogenes	Complexes	Activity against antibiotic resistant bacterial strains	[313]
Montmorillonite-silver NPs	E. coli S. aureus	Complexes	Production of sorbents with antibiotic properties	[314]
Rectorite nanofibrous membrane	S. aureus E. coli	Electrospinning	Food engineering and biomedical materials	[315]
Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets	Ampicillin-resistant E. coli B. subtilis	Electrostatic interactions	Design and synthesis of novel nanozyme antibacterial agents	[316]
Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets	E. coli S. aureus	Coating	Microfiltration membrane for water purification	[317]
Zinc oxide NPs	E. coli S. aureus	Glutaraldehyde + aminated ZnO NPs	Biomedical	[318]
Titania nanosheets	M. lysodeikticus	Layer-by-layer technique, electrostatic interactions	Antibacterial coatings	[319]
Layered double hydroxide nanocomposites	E. coli B. subtilis	Loading	Water purification processes	[320]
Gold capped nanoclusters with ampicillin	MRSA		Wound healing	[321]
Gold NPs	B. subtilis	Tryptophan residues of Lys + N-bromo succinimide	Drug delivery and bioimaging	[322]
Silver NPs		Tyrosine residues of Lys + N-acetyl imidazole
Gold NPs	S. epidermidis E. coli	Layer by layer	Long-term antibacterial coating, biocatalysis, and biosensor	[323]
Gold NPs	Acinetobacter baumanii Enterococcus faecalis		Bacterial labeling and antimicrobial agents against antibiotic resistant bacteria	[324]
Gold NPs	S. aureus E. coli	Hybrid film	Killing and removal of adherent bacteria on the surfaces of medical devices	[325]
Silver NPs	E. coli S. aureus B. anthracis C. albicans resistant P. mirabilis	Nanoparticles from stable colloid (silver acetate and lys in methanol)	Aseptic and therapeutic use	[326]
Silver NPs in nanogel (dextran + lys)	E. coli S. aureus	Maillard reaction (nanogel), AgNPs embedded in nanogel	Inhibition of biofilm formation	[327]