Table 4.
Table summarizing how and which types of macrophages are involved in kidney fibrosis. Macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT), Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL), High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL), Angiotensin II (Ang-II), Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), Epithelial-to mesenchymal transition (EMT), Mannose receptor 2 (Mrc-2), and Ang-II type 1 receptor (Agtr1).
| Macrophage | Fibrosis Mediator | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMDMs M2 ↓ Myofibroblasts |
Fibronectin and collagen | Transdifferentiation of macrophages to myofibroblasts (MMT) | [138,143,144,145,146,147] |
| F4/80+ macrophages | TGF-β, TNF-α | Fibrogenesis | [151] |
| CD163+ | TGF-β1 | [152] | |
| CD68+ | CCL18 | [155] | |
| MOMA2+ cells | Recruited by Ang-II. Produce TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β1, fibronectin and renal oxidative stress | [158] | |
| Unspecified subtype | CCL2 | Macrophage recruitment and further fibrogenesis | [159,160] |
| CD11b+Ly6-G−/F4/80+ | B cells | [161] | |
| IL-10+CD206+CD11bhigh | MyD88-mediated signaling | [162] | |
| CD11b+F4/80+ | Notch pathway | [163] | |
| M1 | HMGB1 | Fibrogenesis | [164] |
| F4/80+ | MMP-2 | Fibrosis resolution | [165] |
| F4/80+ | MMP-9, osteopontin | Tubular cell EMT and further fibrogenesis | [168] |
| F4/80+ | Mrc-2 | Fibrosis resolution | [169] |
| F4/80+ | Agtr1 | [170] |