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. 2021 Dec 13;9(12):1892. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121892

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Restoration of skin texture and appendages. (a–d) Skin texture of normal skin. The surface of C. pyrrhogaster skin had structures such as the crista cutis and sulcus cutis. (a) Head. N: nasal side. (b) Dorsal skin of the trunk. One crista cutis surrounded by sulcus cutis (dotted line) is shown. An opening of the exocrine gland can be recognized on the top of the crista cutis. (c) Forelimb. (d) Ventral skin of the trunk. (e–g) A representative data set showing restoration of grooves on the dorsal skin of the trunk (n = 9). The dorsal skin near the border with the ventral skin (i.e., the dorsal-lateral skin) was excised. V: ventral side. (f,g) Enlargement of images before operation (Pre-op) and at 180 days after operation (Day 180). Thick and thin grooves were traced as blue and white lines, respectively. Note that the color pattern (orange spots) on lateral skin did not recover. (h) Representative data showing the appearance of the sulcus cutis on the wound (n = 9). Figure 1h was reproduced here. DM: dorsal midline. (i) Representative data showing recovery of skin texture (n = 2). We operated on adult newts as in (h) and selected those that exhibited incomplete recovery of skin texture at 180 days. Their skin wound was traced for as long as two years. In this animal, the wounded area near the DM blended into its surroundings by 720 days. Thick grooves had become restored across the wounded area. (j) A representative histological section of the wound in which the sulcus cutis had just appeared. Masson’s trichrome stain. At this stage, the layer of collagen-rich extracellular matrix (or reconstructing dermal layer) along the wound bed was still thinner than the dermis relative to the surroundings. Immature exocrine glands (arrows) were recognized under the presumptive crista cutis, and the epidermal region was flanked by thinner regions corresponding to the sulcus cutis. The characteristics of this tissue corresponded to Stage 6. Scale bars: 1 mm (a–i); 100 μm (upper panel in (j)); 400 μm (lower panel in (j)).