Table 2.
Details of exercise testing and training of the included studies.
| Reference | Exercise Testing | Training | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modality | Type of Protocol | No. of Bouts | Duration of Bouts | Duration of Protocol | W/R Ratio |
Intensity (W/R) | Duration, Frequency, (No. of Bouts) × (Duration of Bout/Intensity)/Duration of Recovery | |
| Ammar et al., 2020 [35] (anerobic) | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 30 s | 30 s | All-out | ||
| Ammar et al., 2020 [35] (combined) | Cycling | Combined (maximal and moderate intensity continuous) | 1 | 30 s + 30 min | 30 s + 30 min | All-out + 60% MAP | ||
| Baker et al., 2004 [36] (TBM) | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 30 s | 30 s | All-out | ||
| Baker et al., 2004 [36] (FFM) | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 30 s | 30 s | All-out | ||
| Berzosa er al., 2011 [37] (incremental) | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Berzosa er al., 2011 [37] (100% VO2max) | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 100% VO2max to exhaustion | ||||
| Berzosa er al., 2011 [37] (70% VO2max) | Cycling | High-intensity continuous | 1 | 30 min | 30 min | 70% VO2max | ||
| Bogdanis et al., 2013 [38] (pre-training) | Cycling | Sprint interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | All-out/Active recovery | 3 weeks, 3 sessions/week, (4–6) × (30 s/all-out)/4 min |
| Bogdanis et al., 2013 [38] (post-training) | Cycling | Sprint interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | All-out/Active recovery | |
| Bouzid et al., 2014 [39] (young) | Treadmill | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Bouzid et al., 2014 [39] (old) | Treadmill | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Djordjevic et al., 2012 [40] (athletes) | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Djordjevic et al., 2012 [40] (non-athletes) | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Falone et al., 2010 [41] (amateur runner) | Treadmill | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Falone et al., 2010 [41] (untrained) | Treadmill | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Finkler et al., 2016 [42] | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Fisher et al., 2011 [43] (first) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | 90% Max-AP/15% Max-AP | |
| Fisher et al., 2011 [43] (second) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | 90% Max-AP/15% Max-AP | |
| Fisher et al., 2011 [43] (third) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | 90% Max-AP/15% Max-AP | |
| Groussard et al., 2003 [44] | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 30 s | 30 s | All-out | ||
| Hajizadeh et al., 2017 [45] (HICE) | Treadmill | High-intensity continuous | 4 | 10 min | 49 min | 10/3 | 70–75% VO2max/50–60% VO2max for the first 12 weeks; 75–85% VO2max/50–60% VO2max for the final 12 weeks | 24 weeks, 3 sessions/week, 4 × [10 min/(70–75%) − (75–85%)VO2max]/3 min |
| Hajizadeh et al., 2017 [45] (HIIE) | Treadmill | High-intensity interval | 10 | 1 min | 19 min | 1/1 | 75–85% VO2max/45–50% VO2max for the first 12 weeks; 85–95% VO2max/45–50% VO2max for the final 12 weeks | 24 weeks, 3 sessions/week, 10 × [1 min/(75–85%) − (85–95%)VO2max]/1 min |
| Jammes et al., 2004 [46] | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to VO2max | ||||
| Jamurtas et al., 2018 [47] (HIIE) | Cycling | Sprint interval | 4 | 30 s | 14 min | 1/8 | All-out | |
| Jamurtas et al., 2018 [47] (HICE) | Cycling | High-intensity continuous | 1 | 30 min | 30 min | 70% VO2max | ||
| Kyparos et al., 2007 [48] | Shuttle run | Maximal | 1 | All-out | ||||
| Miyazaki et al., 2001 [49] (pre-training) | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | 12 weeks, 5 sessions/week, 1 × (60 min/80% VO2max) | |||
| Miyazaki et al., 2001 [49] (post-training) | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Parker et al., 2014 [50] (70% VO2max) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 1 | 5 min | 5 min | 5/12 | 70% VO2max/passive seated rest | |
| Parker et al., 2014 [50] (85% VO2max) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 1 | 5 min | 5 min | 5/12 | 85% VO2max/passive seated rest | |
| Parker et al., 2014 [50] (100% VO2max) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 1 | 5 min | 5 min | 5/12 | 100% VO2max/passive seated rest | |
| Parker et al., 2018 [51] (HIIE) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 5 | 4 min | 24 min | 4/1 | 75%Wmax | |
| Parker et al., 2018 [51] (SIE) | Cycling | Sprint interval | 4 | 30 s | 15.5 min | 1/9 | All-out | |
| Seifi-Skishahr et al., 2008 [52] | Treadmill | High-intensity continuous | 1 | 30 min | 30 min | 75% VO2max | ||
| Steinberg et al., 2007 [53] | Cycling | Incremental | 1 | Incremental intensity to exhaustion | ||||
| Wadley et al., 2016 [54] (LV-HIIE) | Cycling | High-intensity interval | 10 | 1 min | 19 min | 1/1 | 90% VO2max | |
| Wadley et al., 2016 [54] (HICE) | Cycling | High-intensity continuous | 1 | 20 min | 20 min | 80% VO2max | ||
| Wiecek et al., 2018 [55] | Cycling | Maximal | 1 | 20 s | 20 s | All-out | ||
Note: FFM, fat-free mass; HICE, high-intensity continuous exercise; HIIE, high-intensity interval exercise; LV-HIIE, low-volume high-intensity interval exercise; Max-AP, maximum anaerobic power; SIE, sprint interval exercise; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; All-out: encompasses intensities described by the authors as “sprints”, “maximal”, “maximal exercise”, “exhaustion”, “near the VO2max”.