Table 2.
Lactose binding to galectins.
| Galectins | Lactose Binding | +/− | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gal-1 | Lactose binds the two carbohydrate recognition domains of the Gal-1 dimer. | + | [143] |
| Gal-2 | Lactose binds to only one of the carbohydrate recognition domain subunits of the Gal-2 dimer structure. | + | [144] |
| Gal-3 | Crystal structure of the carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal-3 in complex with lactose. | + | [145,146] |
| Gal-4 | Analysis of lactose and derivatives binding to C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain of human Gal-4. | + | [147,148] |
| Gal-5 | A little-studied galectin (apparently specific for rat). Lactose binding described. | + | [149,150] |
| Gal-6 | Lactose binding not reported but very likely considering the strong homology with Gal-4. | ? | [151,152] |
| Gal-7 | Lactose binding induces stabilization of the Gal-7 dimer. | + | [153] |
| Gal-8 | Binding of lactose to human galectin-8-N-domain | + | [154] |
| Gal-9 | Structure of murine Gal-9 n-ter CRD bound to lactose. | + | [107] |
| Gal-10 | Gal-10 forms a novel dimeric structure and binds lactose. | + | [155] |
| Gal-11 | Gal-11 is only expressed in ruminants. Binding to lactose suggested. | + | [156] |
| Gal-12 | Binding of lactose to Gal-12 | + | [157] |
| Gal-13 | Wild-type Gal-13 and its variant R53H do not bind lactose. Engineering of variant R53H can lead to lactose binding. | − | [158,159] |
| Gal-14 | Lactose does not interact with this lectin, or very weakly. | − | [160] |
| Gal-15 | Binding of lactose to Gal-15 | + | [161] |
| Gal-16 | Gal-16 exists as a monomer and lacks the ability to bind lactose. | − | [128] |