Table 1.

Studies evaluating prebiotics in IBD patients.

Study	Subjects	Intervention	Number of Patients	Duration of the Study	Outcome
Benjamin JL et al., 2011	Active CD	FOS vs. placebo	54 with CD and 49 controls	4 weeks	Deterioration of clinical status of CD patients; no significant differences in Bifidobacteria spp. and F. prausnitzii stool concentrations
Hafer A et al., 2007	Active UC and CD	Lactulose	14 with UC and 17 with CD patients	4 months	No significant improvement in clinical, endoscopic and histopathological activity; improvement in QoL in UC patients
Kanauchi O et al., 2003	Active UC	Germinated barley foodstuff	21 with UC	24 weeks	Significantly decrease the clinical activity of the UC in the prebiotic group, especially presence of blood in the stools and nocturnal diarrhea
Casellas F et al., 2007	Active UC	Inulin and FOS	19 with UC	2 weeks	Significant decrease of stool calprotectin after 7 days of treatment in intervention group
Hallert C et al., 1991	Inactive UC	Ispaghula husk	29 with inactive UC	4 months	Significant clinical improvement in intervention group
Fernandez-Benares F et al., 1999	Inactive UC	Plantago ovata seeds	105 patients with inactive UC	12 months	Similar remission rates in groups treated meslamine, mesalamine and Plantago ovada seeds and Plantago ovada seeds alone; significant increase of stool butyrate level in Plantago ovada seeds groups
Hanai H et al., 2004	Inactive UC	Germinated barley foodstuff	59 patients with inactive UC	12 months	Significantly lower relapse rate in GBF group compared to group without GBF treatment