Table 3.
Regulation of T cell function-associated immune checkpoints by lncRNAs.
| LncRNA | Expressing Cell population |
Cancer Type # |
Action | Effect | Molecular Targets |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEAT1 | PBMCs | HCC | IS | Induces Tim-3 Suppresses CTL function and survival |
miR-155/ Tim-3 |
[110] |
| lnc-Tim-3 | CD8+ TILS |
HCC | IS | CD8+ T cell exhaustion | Bat3/Lck/ NFAT1/AP-1 |
[111] |
| MALAT1 | CCs | DLBCL NSCLC |
IS | Induces PD-L1 overexpression and CTL anergy |
miR-195 miR-200a-3p |
[114,115] |
| SNHG14 | CCs | DLBCL | IS | Induces PD-L1 overexpression and CTL cell apoptosis |
miR-5590-3p/ ZEB1 |
[116] |
| UCA1 | CCs | GC | IS | Induces PD-L1 overexpression and eliminates CTL function and survival |
miR26a/b, miR-214, miR-193a |
[117] |
|
LINC
000473 |
CCs | PACA | IS | Induces PD-L1 overexpression and CTL anergy and apoptosis | miR-195-5p/ Bax/Bcl-2 |
[118] |
| TCL6 | CCs | BC | IM | Induces TILs, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 and CTLA-4 expression |
JAK/STAT | [119] |
| GAS5 | CCs | CRC | IS | Induces Tregs and immune checkpoints on T cells Inhibits DC maturation and antigen presentation |
NF-κB Erk1/2 |
[120,121,122,123,124] |
| SNHG20 | CCs | ESCC | IS | Induces PD-L1 | p-ATM/ p-JAK |
[125] |
|
NKX2-1-
AS1 |
CCs | LUAD | IM | Suppresses PD-L1 | CD274 | [126] |
| HOTTIP | Neutrophils | OV | IS | Induces PD-L1 | STAT3 | [127] |
|
AFAP1-
AS1 |
TILs | NPC | IS | Induces PD-1 | N/A | [128] |
|
MIR-
155HG |
CCs | SKCM CHOL LUAD GBM KIRC LGG HNSC HCC UVM |
Induces PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 Induces immune cell infiltration |
N/A | [129] |
Abbreviations used: IS, Immunosuppression; IM, Immunomodulation; N/A, not assessed; CTLs, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TILs, Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; Tregs, Regulatory T cells; CCs, Cancer cells, DCs, Dendritic cells; PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD-1, Programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1/2; Programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. # NCI-based TCGA-based abbreviations available online: https://gdc.cancer.gov/recources-tcga-users/tcga-code-tables/tcga-study-abbreviations (accessed on 13 October 2021): HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; BC, Breast Cancer; CRC, Colorectal Cancer; OV, Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; NSCLC, Non-small cell lung cancer; GC, Gastric cancer; LUAD, Lung adenocarcinoma; PACA, Pancreatic cancer; NPC; nasopharyngeal carcinoma; ESCC, Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma; DLBCL, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; SKCM, Skin cutaneous melanoma; CHOL, Cholangiocarcinoma; GBM, glioblastoma multiform; KIRC, Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; LGG, Brain low grade glioma; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; UVM, Uveal melanoma.