Figure 5.

Curcumin treatment downregulated EMT markers and enhanced vinflunine sensitivity in T24 cells. (a) Dose–response curve for T24 cells after curcumin treatment at 0–50 µM for 72 h (mean ± SEM). IC50 value is shown as mean (95% CI). (b) Representative colony assay images (left) and bar graph (right) representing the percentage (mean ± SEM) of colonies in T24 cells after curcumin treatment for 72 h at the indicated doses. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 relative to vehicle. (c) Western blot analysis (left) and graphic representation (right) of N-cadherin, Fibronectin and ZEB1 in T24 cells after curcumin treatment for 72 h. Beta-actin was used as endogenous control. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 relative to the vehicle. (d) Bar graph illustrating relative gene expression levels (mean ± SEM) of N-cadherin (CDH2), Fibronectin (FN1) and ZEB1 after 72 h curcumin treatment at the indicated doses. Gene expression levels of β–actin (ACTB) were used as endogenous control. * p-value < 0.05 relative to vehicle condition. (e) Bar graphs representing mean ± SEM percentage of cell viability after treatment with vinflunine, curcumin or the concomitant combination for 72 h at the indicated doses in T24 cells. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 relative to the indicated treatment (f) Dot plot representing combination index values calculated for each dose of the combination treatment. (g) Representative colony assay images (top) and bar graph (down) representing the percentage (mean ± SEM) of colonies in T24 cells after treatment with vinflunine, curcumin or their combination for 72 h at the indicated doses. * p < 0.05 relative to vinflunine treatment. (h) Bar graph representing the percentage (mean ± SEM) of late apoptotic cells after treatment with vinflunine, curcumin or the combination for 72 h. * p < 0.05 relative to vinflunine treatment. All results were obtained from at least 3 independent experiments. Veh: vehicle; Vinf: vinflunine; Curc: curcumin.