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. 2021 Nov 23;10(12):3278. doi: 10.3390/cells10123278

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) differentiation and signaling pathways. Abbreviations: aP—ascorbic acid phosphate; β-GP—β-glycerophosphate; β-ME—β-mercaptoethanol; BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor; bFGF—basic fibroblast growth factor; BHA—butylated hydroxyanisole; BMP—bone morphogenetic protein; Dex—dexa-methasone; DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide; FGF—fibroblast growth factor; IBMX—isobutyl-methylxanthine; IM—indomethacin; KCL—potassium chloride; NGF—nerve growth factor; Notch1—notch homolog 1; NT-3—neurotrophin-3; PPAR—gamma-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Smad3—mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; SOX9—transcription factor SOX9; TGF-β—transforming growth factor-β. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 5 October 2021).