Table 1.
Extracellular HMGB1 redox forms determine functional outcomes in inflammation.
| HMGB1 Redox Form |
Partner Molecule | Receptor | Biological Response |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-thiol | CXCL12 | CXCR4 | Chemotaxis | [50] |
| Disulfide | None | TLR4 | Cytokines | [53] |
| Sulfonyl | Unknown | RAGE | Accumulation of Tregs and MDSCs, enhanced M2/M1 macrophage ratio and dendritic cell tolerogenicity | [77] |
| Undetermined | Many PAMPs and DAMPs | RAGE | Inflammasome activation, hyperinflammation, coagulation, pyroptosis | [34] |
| Undetermined | None | CD24+ Siglec-10 | NF-κΒ inhibition | [78] |